1 .Intro of Biosignal Processing
1 .Intro of Biosignal Processing
Biosignal Processing
Introduction
School of Biomedical Engineering
JiT, Jimma University
Shimelis N.
(Ass.Lecturer) October , 2017
Bio(medical) signal
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Physiological Origins of Biosignals
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• Bioelectric Signals
– Generated by nerve and muscle cells as a result of
electrochemical changes within and between cells
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Physiological Origins of Biosignals
• Biomagnetic Signals
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• Biochemical Signals
– Contain information about changes in concentration of
various chemical agents in the body
– Oxygen concentration
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Physiological Origins of Biosignals
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• Biomechanical Signals
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Physiological Origins of Biosignals
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• Bioacoustics Signals
– Are special subset of biomechanical signals that involve
vibrations (motion)
– Respiratory system, joints, and muscles generate distinct
bioacoustics signals
Often measured at the skin using acoustic transducers such
as microphones and accelerometers
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Physiological Origins of Biosignals
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Examples of Biomedical Signals
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Action potential
Electroneurogram (ENG)
Electromyogram (EMG)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrogastrogram (EGG)
Phonocardiogram (PCG)
Carotid Pulse (CP)
Vibromyogram (VMG)
Vibroarthogram (VAG) October , 2017
The Action Potential
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• Basic component
of bioelectrical
signals
• Caused by the
flow of Na+, K+
and Cl- ions across
the cell membrane
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The Action Potential
• Resting potential:
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The Action Potential
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• Depolarization:
– When a cell is excited the membrane changes its
characteristics and begins to allow Na+ ions to enter the
cell.
– This movement of Na+ ions constitutes an ionic
current, which further reduces the membrane barrier to
Na+ ions.
– This leads to an avalache effect: Na+ ions rush into the
cell.
– The inside of the cell becomes positive.
– The peak value of action potential is about 20 mV
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The Action Potential
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• Repolarization:
– Membrane depolarization also increases the
permeability of membrane for K+ ions via a
voltage- dependent K+ channels.
– The permeability of membrane for Na+ ions decrease
near the peak of depolarization.
– The efflux of K+ ions from the cell makes the inside
more negative thereby effecting repolarization back to
the resting potential.
– Duration in nerve and muscle cells ~1 ms, in heart
muscle cells 150-300 ms
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Electroneurogram (ENG)
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velocity are:
– 45-70 m/s in nerve fibers
– 0.2-0.4 m/s in heart muscle
– 0.03-0.05 m/s in time delay fibers between the atria
and ventricles.
• Neural diseases may cause a decrease in conduction
velocity.
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Carotid Pulse (CP)
19 • The CP is a pressure signal recorded over the carotid
artery.
• Parts of CP:
– P (percussion wave): ejection of blood from the left
ventricle
– T (tidal wave): reflected pulse from the upper body
– D (dicrotic notch): closure of the aortic valve
– DW (dicrotic wave): reflected pulse from the lower body
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Vibromyogram (VMG)
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• The VAG is the vibration signal recorded from a joint
during movement (articulation) of the joint.
• Normal joint surfaces are smooth and produce little or no
sound.
• Joint affected by osteoarthritis and other degenerative
diseases may have suffered cartilage loss and produce
grinding sounds.
quantitative manner.
• Measurement
Function of time
– discrete x[n]
– continuous x(t)
– digital
Multivariant vector
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Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis
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• Information gathering
• Diagnosis
• Monitoring
• Evaluation
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The Components of Human-Instrument System
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The Components of Human-Instrument System
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• Active
– require external stimuli
• Passive
– not require external stimuli
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Processing of biomedical signals
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Characteristics of Biosignals
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Signal processing methods
30 • Filtering (linear, nonlinear,
adaptive, optimal)
• Noise reduction • Statistical signal processing
• Preprocessing
• Frequency domain analysis
• Signal validation
• Time-frequency analysis
• Feature extraction
• Data compression • Fuzzy logic
• Segmentation • Artificial neural networks
• Pattern recognition • Expert systems, rule-based
• Trend detection systems
• Event detection • Genetic and evolutionary
methods
• Decision support
• Decision making
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Processing of biomedical signals
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Example: heart rate meters
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Sensor Signal processing User
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Problems in biomedical signal processing
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• Accessibility
• Variance
– Inter-individual, intra-individual
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Problems in biomedical signal processing
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• Acquisition interference
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Course syllabus
36 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSIGNAL PROCESING
BASICS OF SIGNALS & SYSTEMS.
• overview of signals & systems
• Fourier transforms
• sampling & quantization
• discrete-time signals & systems
• Discrete transforms.
• Digital Filters
ECG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• ECG signal Acquisition
• pre-processing
• waveform recognition
• morphological studies & rhythm analysis
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Course syllabus
37 EEG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• Genesis of EEG signal
• evoked responses;
• averaging techniques;
• Pattern recognition of alpha, beta, theta & delta waves in EEG.
EMG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• motor potentials;
• stimulation pulse characteristics;
• wave pattern studies;
• bio-feedback;
• psycho-neuro immunology;
• Signal processing.
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Course syllabus
38 • Pre-requisites ECE 3306-Digital Signal Processing
• Teaching & Learning Lecture and Lab practice
Methods
• Assessment/Evaluatio o Quizzes, Assignments & projects-------30%
n & Grading System o Mid-Exam ---------------------------------25%
o Final Exam---------------------------------35%
o Attendance & Class activities -----------10%