0% found this document useful (0 votes)
650 views38 pages

1 .Intro of Biosignal Processing

1) This document discusses biosignal processing and provides an introduction to various types of biomedical signals. 2) It describes the physiological origins of different biosignals including bioelectric signals generated by nerve and muscle cells, biomagnetic signals from the heart and brain, biochemical signals containing chemical concentration information, and biomechanical signals produced by mechanical body functions. 3) Examples of specific biomedical signals are provided such as the electrocardiogram, electromyogram, phonocardiogram, and vibromyogram. Characteristics of these signals like amplitude, frequency, and how they are measured are summarized.

Uploaded by

Amir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
650 views38 pages

1 .Intro of Biosignal Processing

1) This document discusses biosignal processing and provides an introduction to various types of biomedical signals. 2) It describes the physiological origins of different biosignals including bioelectric signals generated by nerve and muscle cells, biomagnetic signals from the heart and brain, biochemical signals containing chemical concentration information, and biomechanical signals produced by mechanical body functions. 3) Examples of specific biomedical signals are provided such as the electrocardiogram, electromyogram, phonocardiogram, and vibromyogram. Characteristics of these signals like amplitude, frequency, and how they are measured are summarized.

Uploaded by

Amir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

1

Biosignal Processing

Introduction
School of Biomedical Engineering
JiT, Jimma University

Shimelis N.
(Ass.Lecturer) October , 2017
Bio(medical) signal
2

• Signal: any physical quantity that varies as a


function of an independent variable

– independent variable is usually time but may be


space, distance, ...

• Biosignal: a signal being obtained from a biologic


system /originating from a physiologic process
(human or animal (-medical -> patients))
October , 2017
2
Biomedical signal
3

• Biomedical signal: Contain useful


information that can be used to understand the
underlying physiological mechanisms of a
specific biological event or system, and which
may be useful for medical diagnosis.

October , 2017
3
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
4

• The living organism made up of many component


system and each system is made up of several
subsystems that carry on many physiological
processes.

• Most physiological processes are accompanied by or


manifest themselves as signals that reflect their nature
and activities.

– Signals: biochemical, electrical, physical


October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
5

• Bioelectric Signals
– Generated by nerve and muscle cells as a result of
electrochemical changes within and between cells

– Can be measured with intracellular or extracellular


electrodes

– ECG, EGG, EEG, and EMG are results of the Bioelectric


signals taken from the human body

October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
• Biomagnetic Signals
6

– Different organs(heart, lungs & brain) generate weak


magnetic fields

– Measured from specific physiological activity that is linked


to an accompanying electric field from a specific tissue or
organ

– Uses very precise magnetic sensors or SQUID


magnetometers (Superconducting Quantum Interference
Device)
October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
7

• Biomagnetic Signals (cont.)


– Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - monitor magnetic
activity from the brain

– Magnetoneurography (MNG) – monitor peripheral nerves

– Magnetogastrography (MGG) – monitor gastrointestinal


tract

– Magnetocardiography (MCG) – monitor the heart


October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
8

• Biochemical Signals
– Contain information about changes in concentration of
various chemical agents in the body

– Oxygen concentration

– Determine levels of glucose, lactate and metabolites

– Provides information about the function of various


physiological systems

October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
9

• Biomechanical Signals

– Produced by the mechanical functions of


biological signals such as:
– motion, displacement, tension, force, pressure, and flow

– Blood pressure measurement

October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
10
• Bioacoustics Signals
– Are special subset of biomechanical signals that involve
vibrations (motion)
– Respiratory system, joints, and muscles generate distinct
bioacoustics signals
Often measured at the skin using acoustic transducers such
as microphones and accelerometers

October , 2017
Physiological Origins of Biosignals
11

• Bio optical Signals


– Generated by the optical, or light-induced, attributes
of biological systems

– May occur naturally or signals can be introduced to


measure a biological parameter using an external
light medium

October , 2017
Examples of Biomedical Signals
12
 Action potential
 Electroneurogram (ENG)
 Electromyogram (EMG)
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 Electrogastrogram (EGG)
 Phonocardiogram (PCG)
 Carotid Pulse (CP)
 Vibromyogram (VMG)
 Vibroarthogram (VAG) October , 2017
The Action Potential
13

• Basic component
of bioelectrical
signals

• Caused by the
flow of Na+, K+
and Cl- ions across
the cell membrane
October , 2017
The Action Potential
• Resting potential:
14

– In their resting state, the membrane readily permit the entry


of K+ and Cl- ions, but effectively block the entry of Na+
ions.
– The permeability of membrane for K+ is 50-100 times that
for Na+ ions.
– A cell in resting state is said to be polarized.
– The resting potential is in order of -60 to - 100 mV

October , 2017
The Action Potential
15
• Depolarization:
– When a cell is excited the membrane changes its
characteristics and begins to allow Na+ ions to enter the
cell.
– This movement of Na+ ions constitutes an ionic
current, which further reduces the membrane barrier to
Na+ ions.
– This leads to an avalache effect: Na+ ions rush into the
cell.
– The inside of the cell becomes positive.
– The peak value of action potential is about 20 mV
October , 2017
The Action Potential
16
• Repolarization:
– Membrane depolarization also increases the
permeability of membrane for K+ ions via a
voltage- dependent K+ channels.
– The permeability of membrane for Na+ ions decrease
near the peak of depolarization.
– The efflux of K+ ions from the cell makes the inside
more negative thereby effecting repolarization back to
the resting potential.
– Duration in nerve and muscle cells ~1 ms, in heart
muscle cells 150-300 ms
October , 2017
Electroneurogram (ENG)
17

• The ENG is an electrical signal observed as a stimulus


and the associated nerve action potential propagate over
the length of nerve.
• ENGs may be recorded using concentric needle
electrodes or Ag-AgCl electrodes at the surface of the
body.
• In order to minimize muscle contraction strong but short
stimulus is applied (100 V amplitude, 100-300 μs).
• ENGs have amplitudes of the order of 10 μV. October , 2017
Electroneurogram (ENG)
• Typical values of propagation rate or nerve conduction
18

velocity are:
– 45-70 m/s in nerve fibers
– 0.2-0.4 m/s in heart muscle
– 0.03-0.05 m/s in time delay fibers between the atria
and ventricles.
• Neural diseases may cause a decrease in conduction
velocity.

October , 2017
Carotid Pulse (CP)
19 • The CP is a pressure signal recorded over the carotid
artery.
• Parts of CP:
– P (percussion wave): ejection of blood from the left
ventricle
– T (tidal wave): reflected pulse from the upper body
– D (dicrotic notch): closure of the aortic valve
– DW (dicrotic wave): reflected pulse from the lower body

October , 2017
Vibromyogram (VMG)
20
• The VAG is the vibration signal recorded from a joint
during movement (articulation) of the joint.
• Normal joint surfaces are smooth and produce little or no
sound.
• Joint affected by osteoarthritis and other degenerative
diseases may have suffered cartilage loss and produce
grinding sounds.

• It is recorded by contact microphones or accelerometers


placed on the muscle surface. October , 2017
Sensing of Biological Signals
• The signals can be sensed by qualitative or
21

quantitative manner.
• Measurement
Function of time
– discrete x[n]
– continuous x(t)
– digital

Multivariant vector

October , 2017
Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis
22

• Information gathering

– measurement of phenomena to interpret a system

• Diagnosis

– detection of malfunction, pathology, or abnormality

• Monitoring

– obtaining continuous or periodic information about


a system
October , 2017
Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis
23
• Therapy and control

– Modification of the behavior of system based upon the


outcome of the activities listed above to ensure a
specific result

• Evaluation

– Objective analysis to determinate the ability to meet


functional requirements, obtain a proof of performance,
perform quality control, or qualify the effect of
treatment October , 2017
The Components of Human-Instrument System
24

October , 2017
24
The Components of Human-Instrument System

•The subject or patient


•Stimulus or procedure of activity
•Transducers
• electrodes, sensors
•Signal-conditioning equipment
• amplifier, filter
•Display equipment
• oscilloscopes, strip charts, computer monitors etc.

25 October , 2017
The Components of Human-Instrument System
26

• Recording, data processing, and transmission


equipment
• Analog instrumentation tape recorders, analog-to-
digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters
(DACs), digital tapes, CDs, computers, telemetry
systems etc.
• Control devices
• Power supply, isolation equipment, patient intervention
October , 2017
systems
Signal Acquisition Procedures
27
• Invasive
– placement of transducers or other devices inside the
body
• Noninvasive
– minimize risk
– surface electrodes

• Active
– require external stimuli
• Passive
– not require external stimuli
October , 2017
Processing of biomedical signals
28

 Ultimate goal of signal processing: to extract useful


information from measured data
 Biomedical signal processing requires
– Understanding the characteristics of signals
– understanding the needs (e.g. biomedical processes and clinical
requirements) and
– selecting and applying suitable methods to meet these needs

October , 2017
28
Characteristics of Biosignals
29

October , 2017
29
Signal processing methods
30 • Filtering (linear, nonlinear,
adaptive, optimal)
• Noise reduction • Statistical signal processing
• Preprocessing
• Frequency domain analysis
• Signal validation
• Time-frequency analysis
• Feature extraction
• Data compression • Fuzzy logic
• Segmentation • Artificial neural networks
• Pattern recognition • Expert systems, rule-based
• Trend detection systems
• Event detection • Genetic and evolutionary
methods
• Decision support
• Decision making
October , 2017
• 30
Processing of biomedical signals
31

• Stages of Biosignal processing

October , 2017
31
Example: heart rate meters
32
Sensor Signal processing User

October , 2017
32
Problems in biomedical signal processing
33

• Accessibility

– Patient safety, preference for noninvasiveness


– Indirect measurements (variables of interest are not
accessible)

• Variance

– Inter-individual, intra-individual

October , 2017
33
Problems in biomedical signal processing
34

• Inter-relationships and interactions among


physiological system

– Subsystem of interest may not be isolated

• Acquisition interference

– Instrumentation and procedures modify the


system or its state
October , 2017
34
Artifacts and interference
35

• Interference from other physiological systems (e.g.


muscle artifacts in EEG recordings)

• Low-level signals (e.g. microvolts in EEG) require


very sensitive amplifiers; they are easily sensitive to
interference, too!

• Nonlinearity and obscurity of the system under study

October , 2017
35
Course syllabus
36  INTRODUCTION TO BIOSIGNAL PROCESING
 BASICS OF SIGNALS & SYSTEMS.
• overview of signals & systems
• Fourier transforms
• sampling & quantization
• discrete-time signals & systems
• Discrete transforms.
• Digital Filters
 ECG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• ECG signal Acquisition
• pre-processing
• waveform recognition
• morphological studies & rhythm analysis
October , 2017
36
Course syllabus
37  EEG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• Genesis of EEG signal
• evoked responses;
• averaging techniques;
• Pattern recognition of alpha, beta, theta & delta waves in EEG.
 EMG SIGNAL PROCESSING
• motor potentials;
• stimulation pulse characteristics;
• wave pattern studies;
• bio-feedback;
• psycho-neuro immunology;
• Signal processing.

October , 2017
37
Course syllabus
38 • Pre-requisites ECE 3306-Digital Signal Processing
• Teaching & Learning Lecture and Lab practice
Methods
• Assessment/Evaluatio o Quizzes, Assignments & projects-------30%
n & Grading System o Mid-Exam ---------------------------------25%
o Final Exam---------------------------------35%
o Attendance & Class activities -----------10%

• Attendance Minimum 80%


Requirements
• Literature References
1: . Bioelectrical signal processing in cardiac and
neurological Applications, Leif sornomo
1. Discrete time signal processing, Oppenheim
2. Biosignal and Biomedical Image processing
October , 2017
38

You might also like