1

Chapter 4 - Arrays
Outline
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Arrays
7.3 Declaring Arrays
7.4 Examples Using Arrays
7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions
7.9 Multidimensional Arrays

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 2

7.1 Introduction

• Arrays
– Structures of related data items
– Static entity (same size throughout program)
• A few types
– Pointer-based arrays (C-like)
– Arrays as objects (C++)

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 3

7.2 Arrays

• Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
– Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
• To refer to an element
– Specify array name and position number (index)
– Format: arrayname[ position number ]
– First element at position 0
• N-element array c
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ] … c[ n - 1 ]
– Nth element as position N-1

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 4

7.2 Arrays

• Array elements like other variables

– Assignment, printing for an integer array c
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
• Can perform operations inside subscript
c[ 5 – 2 ] same as c[3]

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  5

7.2 Arrays
Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c

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 6

7.3 Declaring Arrays

• When declaring arrays, specify

– Name
– Type of array
• Any data type
– Number of elements
– type arrayName[ arraySize ];
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats

• Declaring multiple arrays of same type

– Use comma separated list, like regular variables
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

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 7

7.4 Examples Using Arrays

• Initializing arrays
– For loop
• Set each element
– Initializer list
• Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
• If too many syntax error
– To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
– If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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 8
1 // Fig. 7.3: fig04_03.cpp
2 // Initializing an array.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_03.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
Declare a 10-element array of
12 int main() integers.
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of Initialize
10 integersarray to 0 using a
15 for loop. Note that the array
16 // initialize elements of array n has
to 0elements n[0] to n[9].
17 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
18 n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0
19
20 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
21
22 // output contents of array n in tabular format
23 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
24 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
25

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 9
26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27
Outline
28 } // end main

Element Value
fig04_03.cpp
0 0 (2 of 2)
1 0
2 0 fig04_03.cpp
3 0 output (1 of 1)
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0

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 10
1 // Fig. 7.4: fig04_07.cpp
2 // Initializing an array with a declaration.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_07.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 1)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main() Note the use of the initializer
13 { list.
14 // use initializer list to initialize array n
15 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };
16
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
18
19 // output contents of array n in tabular format
20 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
21 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl;
22
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24
25 } // end main

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 11
Element Value
0 32
Outline
1 27
2 64
fig04_07.cpp
3 18
output (1 of 1)
4 95
5 14
6 90
7 70
8 60
9 37

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 12

7.4 Examples Using Arrays

• Array size
– Can be specified with constant variable (const)
• const int size = 20;
– Constants cannot be changed
– Constants must be initialized when declared
– Also called named constants or read-only variables

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 13
1 // Fig. 7.5: fig04_05.cpp
2 // Initialize array s to the even integers from 2 to 20.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_05.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11 Note use of const keyword.
12 int main()
Only const variables can
13 {
14
specify array sizes.
// constant variable can be used to specify array size
15 const int arraySize = 10;
The program becomes more
16
17 int s[ arraySize ]; // array s
scalable when we set the array
has 10 elements
18 size using a const variable.
19 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) // We
set can
the change
values arraySize,
20 s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i; and all the loops will still
21 work (otherwise, we’d have to
22 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value"update every loop in the
<< endl;
23 program).

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 14
24 // output contents of array s in tabular format
25 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
Outline
26 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl;
27
fig04_05.cpp
28 return 0; // indicates successful termination
(2 of 2)
29
30 } // end main
fig04_05.cpp
Element Value output (1 of 1)
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 14
7 16
8 18
9 20

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 15
1 // Fig. 7.6: fig04_06.cpp
2 // Using a properly initialized constant variable.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_06.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 1)
6 using std::endl;
7 Proper initialization of
8 int main() const variable. fig04_06.cpp
9 { output (1 of 1)
10 const int x = 7; // initialized constant variable
11
12 cout << "The value of constant variable x is: "
13 << x << endl;
14
15 return 0; // indicates successful termination
16
17 } // end main

The value of constant variable x is: 7

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 16
1 // Fig. 7.7: fig04_07.cpp
2 // A const object must be initialized.
Outline
3 Uninitialized const results
4 int main() in a syntax error. Attempting
fig04_07.cpp
5 { to modify the const is
(1 of 1)
6 const int x; // Error: x another
must error.
be initialized
7
8 x = 7; // Error: cannot modify a const variable fig04_07.cpp
9 output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicates successful termination
11
12 } // end main

d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_07.cpp(6) : error C2734: 'x' :

const object must be initialized if not extern
d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_07.cpp(8) : error C2166:
l-value specifies const object

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 17
1 // Fig. 7.8: fig04_08.cpp
2 // Compute the sum of the elements of the array.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_08.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 1)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 int main() fig04_08.cpp
9 { output (1 of 1)
10 const int arraySize = 10;
11
12 int a[ arraySize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
13
14 int total = 0;
15
16 // sum contents of array a
17 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
18 total += a[ i ];
19
20 cout << "Total of array element values is " << total << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
23
24 } // end main

Total of array element values is 55

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 18
1 // Fig. 7.9: fig04_09.cpp
2 // Histogram printing program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_09.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 const int arraySize = 10;
15 int n[ arraySize ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 };
16
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value"
18 << setw( 17 ) << "Histogram" << endl;
19
20 // for each element of array n, output a bar in histogram
21 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) {
Prints asterisks corresponding
22 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 )
to size of array element,
23 << n[ i ] << setw( 9 );
24
n[i].
25 for ( int j = 0; j < n[ i ]; j++ ) // print one bar
26 cout << '*';

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 19
27
28 cout << endl; // start next line of output
Outline
29
30 } // end outer for structure
fig04_09.cpp
31
(2 of 2)
32 return 0; // indicates successful termination
33
34 } // end main fig04_09.cpp
output (1 of 1)
Element Value Histogram
0 19 *******************
1 3 ***
2 15 ***************
3 7 *******
4 11 ***********
5 9 *********
6 13 *************
7 5 *****
8 17 *****************
9 1 *

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 20
1 // Fig. 7.10: fig04_10.cpp
2 // Roll a six-sided die 6000 times.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_10.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 #include <cstdlib>
13 #include <ctime>
14
Remake of old program to roll
15 int main()
16 {
dice. An array is used instead
17 const int arraySize = 7; of 6 regular variables, and the
18 int frequency[ arraySize ] = { 0 }; proper element can be
19 updated easily (without
20 srand( time( 0 ) ); // seed random-number needing a switch).
generator
21
22 // roll die 6000 times This creates a number
23 for ( int roll = 1; roll <= 6000; roll++ ) between 1 and 6, which
24 ++frequency[ 1 + rand() % 6 ]; // replaces 20-line switch
determines the index of
25 // of Fig. 3.8
frequency[] that should
be incremented.

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 21
26
27 cout << "Face" << setw( 13 ) << "Frequency" << endl;
Outline
28
29 // output frequency elements 1-6 in tabular format
fig04_10.cpp
30 for ( int face = 1; face < arraySize; face++ )
(2 of 2)
31 cout << setw( 4 ) << face
32 << setw( 13 ) << frequency[ face ] << endl;
33 fig04_10.cpp
34 return 0; // indicates successful termination output (1 of 1)
35
36 } // end main

Face Frequency
1 1003
2 1004
3 999
4 980
5 1013
6 1001

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 22
1 // Fig. 7.11: fig04_11.cpp
2 // Student poll program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_11.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 // define array sizes
15 const int responseSize = 40; // size of array responses
16 const int frequencySize = 11; // size of array frequency
17
18 // place survey responses in array responses
19 int responses[ responseSize ] = { 1, 2, 6, 4, 8, 5, 9, 7, 8,
20 10, 1, 6, 3, 8, 6, 10, 3, 8, 2, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 8, 6, 7,
21 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8, 6, 8, 10 };
22
23 // initialize frequency counters to 0
24 int frequency[ frequencySize ] = { 0 };
25

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 23
26 // for each answer, select value of an element of array
27 // responses and use that value as subscript in array
Outline
28 // frequency to determine element to increment
29 for ( int answer = 0; answer < responseSize; answer++ )
fig04_11.cpp
30 ++frequency[ responses[answer] ];
(2 of 2)
31
responses[answer] is
32 // display results
33
the rating (from 1 to 10).
cout << "Rating" << setw( 17 ) << "Frequency" << endl;
This
34 determines the index in
35 // output frequencies in tabular frequency[] to increment.
format
36 for ( int rating = 1; rating < frequencySize; rating++ )
37 cout << setw( 6 ) << rating
38 << setw( 17 ) << frequency[ rating ] << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicates successful termination
41
42 } // end main

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 24
Rating Frequency
1 2
Outline
2 2
3 2
fig04_11.cpp
4 2
output (1 of 1)
5 5
6 11
7 5
8 7
9 1
10 3

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 25

7.4 Examples Using Arrays

• Strings (more in ch. 5)

– Arrays of characters
– All strings end with null ('\0')
– Examples
• char string1[] = "hello";
– Null character implicitly added
– string1 has 6 elements
• char string1[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l',
'o', '\0’ };
– Subscripting is the same
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l'

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 26

7.4 Examples Using Arrays

• Input from keyboard

char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
– Puts user input in string
• Stops at first whitespace character
• Adds null character
– If too much text entered, data written beyond array
• We want to avoid this (section 5.12 explains how)
• Printing strings
– cout << string2 << endl;
• Does not work for other array types
– Characters printed until null found

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 27
1 // Fig. 4_12: fig04_12.cpp
2 // Treating character arrays as strings.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_12.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl;
8 Two different ways to declare
9 int main() strings. string2 is
10 { initialized, and its size
11 char string1[ 20 ], // determined
reserves 20automatically
characters .
12 char string2[] = "string literal"; // reserves 15 characters
13 Examples of reading strings
14 // read string from
from user into array the keyboard and
string2
15 cout << "Enter the string \"helloprinting them
there\": "; out.
16 cin >> string1; // reads "hello" [space terminates input]
17
18 // output strings
19 cout << "string1 is: " << string1
20 << "\nstring2 is: " << string2;
21
22 cout << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";
23

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 28
24 // output characters until null character is reached
25 for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
Outline
26 cout << string1[ i ] << ' ';
27
Can access the characters in a fig04_12.cpp
28 cin >> string1; // reads "there"
string using array notation. (2 of 2)
29 cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl;
30
The loop ends when the null
31 return 0; // indicates successful character is found.
termination fig04_12.cpp
32 output (1 of 1)
33 } // end main

Enter the string "hello there": hello there

string1 is: hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
h e l l o
string1 is: there

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 29

7.4 Examples Using Arrays

• Recall static storage (chapter 3)

– If static, local variables save values between function
calls
– Visible only in function body
– Can declare local arrays to be static
• Initialized to zero
static int array[3];
• If not static
– Created (and destroyed) in every function call

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 30
1 // Fig. 7.13: fig04_13.cpp
2 // Static arrays are initialized to zero.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_13.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 3)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 void staticArrayInit( void ); // function prototype
9 void automaticArrayInit( void ); // function prototype
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 cout << "First call to each function:\n";
14 staticArrayInit();
15 automaticArrayInit();
16
17 cout << "\n\nSecond call to each function:\n";
18 staticArrayInit();
19 automaticArrayInit();
20 cout << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
23
24 } // end main
25

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 31
26 // function to demonstrate a static local array
27 void staticArrayInit( void )
Static array, initialized to zero Outline
28 { on first function call.
29 // initializes elements to 0 first time function is called
fig04_13.cpp
30 static int array1[ 3 ];
(2 of 3)
31
32 cout << "\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n";
33
34 // output contents of array1
35 for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
36 cout << "array1[" << i << "] = " << array1[ i ] << " ";
37
Array data is changed; the
38 cout << "\nValues on exiting staticArrayInit:\n";
modified values stay.
39
40 // modify and output contents of array1
41 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
42 cout << "array1[" << j << "] = "
43 << ( array1[ j ] += 5 ) << " ";
44
45 } // end function staticArrayInit
46

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 32
47 // function to demonstrate an automatic local array
48 void automaticArrayInit( void ) Automatic array, recreated
Outline
49 { with every function call.
50 // initializes elements each time function is called
fig04_13.cpp
51 int array2[ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 };
(3 of 3)
52
53 cout << "\n\nValues on entering automaticArrayInit:\n";
54
55 // output contents of array2
56 for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
57 cout << "array2[" << i << "] = " << array2[ i ] << " ";
58
Although the array is
59 cout << "\nValues on exiting automaticArrayInit:\n";
changed, it will be destroyed
60
61 // modify and output contents of array2
when the function exits and
62 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) the changes will be lost.
63 cout << "array2[" << j << "] = "
64 << ( array2[ j ] += 5 ) << " ";
65
66 } // end function automaticArrayInit

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 33
First call to each function:
 
Outline
Values on entering staticArrayInit:
array1[0] = 0 array1[1] = 0 array1[2] = 0
fig04_13.cpp
Values on exiting staticArrayInit:
output (1 of 1)
array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5
 
Values on entering automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
Values on exiting automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8
 
Second call to each function:
 
Values on entering staticArrayInit:
array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5
Values on exiting staticArrayInit:
array1[0] = 10 array1[1] = 10 array1[2] = 10
 
Values on entering automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
Values on exiting automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

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 34

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions

• Specify name without brackets

– To pass array myArray to myFunction
int myArray[ 24 ];
myFunction( myArray, 24 );
– Array size usually passed, but not required
• Useful to iterate over all elements

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 35

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions

• Arrays passed-by-reference
– Functions can modify original array data
– Value of name of array is address of first element
• Function knows where the array is stored
• Can change original memory locations
• Individual array elements passed-by-value
– Like regular variables
– square( myArray[3] );

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 36

7.5 Passing Arrays to Functions

• Functions taking arrays

– Function prototype
• void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize );
• void modifyArray( int [], int );
– Names optional in prototype
• Both take an integer array and a single integer
– No need for array size between brackets
• Ignored by compiler
– If declare array parameter as const
• Cannot be modified (compiler error)
• void doNotModify( const int [] );

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 37
1 // Fig. 7.14: fig04_17.cpp
2 // Passing arrays and individual array elements to functions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig04_17.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 3)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
Syntax for accepting an array
10 using std::setw; in parameter list.
11
12 void modifyArray( int [], int ); // appears strange
13 void modifyElement( int );
14
15 int main()
16 {
17 const int arraySize = 5; // size of array a
18 int a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; // initialize a
19
20 cout << "Effects of passing entire array by reference:"
21 << "\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n";
22
23 // output original array
24 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
25 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ];

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 38
26
27 cout << endl;
Pass array name (a) and size Outline
28 to function. Arrays are
29 // pass array a to modifyArray bypassed-by-reference.
reference
fig04_17.cpp
30 modifyArray( a, arraySize );
(2 of 3)
31
32 cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n";
33
34 // output modified array
35 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
36 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ j ];
37
38 // output value of a[ 3 ]
39 cout << "\n\n\n"
40 << "Effects of passing array element by value:"
Pass a single array element by
41 << "\n\nThe value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << '\n';
42
value; the original cannot be
43 // pass array element a[ 3 ] by valuemodified.
44 modifyElement( a[ 3 ] );
45
46 // output value of a[ 3 ]
47 cout << "The value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
48
49 return 0; // indicates successful termination
50
51 } // end main

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 39
52 Although named b, the array
53 // in function modifyArray, "b" points to
Outline
points to the original array a.
54 // the original array "a" in memory
It can modify a’s data.
55 void modifyArray( int b[], int sizeOfArray )
fig04_17.cpp
56 {
(3 of 3)
57 // multiply each array element by 2
58 for ( int k = 0; k < sizeOfArray; k++ )
59 b[ k ] *= 2;
60
61 } // end function modifyArray
62
Individual array elements are
63 // passed
in function modifyElement, "e" is a local copybyofvalue, and the
64 //array element a[ 3 ] passed from main originals cannot be changed.
65 void modifyElement( int e )
66 {
67 // multiply parameter by 2
68 cout << "Value in modifyElement is "
69 << ( e *= 2 ) << endl;
70
71 } // end function modifyElement

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 40
Effects of passing entire array by reference:
 
Outline
The values of the original array are:
0 1 2 3 4
fig04_17.cpp
The values of the modified array are:
output (1 of 1)
0 2 4 6 8
 
 
Effects of passing array element by value:
 
The value of a[3] is 6
Value in modifyElement is 12
The value of a[3] is 6

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 41
1 // Fig. 7.15: fig04_15.cpp
2 // Demonstrating the const type qualifier.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
Array parameter declared as fig04_15.cpp
5 using std::cout;
const. Array cannot be (1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
modified, even though it is
8 passed byprototype
void tryToModifyArray( const int [] ); // function reference.
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 int a[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
13
14 tryToModifyArray( a );
15
16 cout << a[ 0 ] << ' ' << a[ 1 ] << ' ' << a[ 2 ] << '\n';
17
18 return 0; // indicates successful termination
19
20 } // end main
21

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All rights reserved.
 42
22 // In function tryToModifyArray, "b" cannot be used
23 // to modify the original array "a" in main.
Outline
24 void tryToModifyArray( const int b[] )
25 {
fig04_15.cpp
26 b[ 0 ] /= 2; // error
(2 of 2)
27 b[ 1 ] /= 2; // error
28 b[ 2 ] /= 2; // error
29 fig04_15.cpp
30 } // end function tryToModifyArray output (1 of 1)

d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_15.cpp(26) : error C2166:

l-value specifies const object
d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_15.cpp(27) : error C2166:
l-value specifies const object
d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_15.cpp(28) : error C2166:
l-value specifies const object

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
1 // Fig. 7.20: fig07_20.cpp
43
2
3
// This program sorts an array's values into ascending order.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
fig07_20.cpp
7 #include <iomanip>
8 using std::setw;
9 (1 of 2)
10 int main()
11 {
12 const int arraySize = 10; // size of array a
13 int data[ arraySize ] = { 34, 56, 4, 10, 77, 51, 93, 30, 5, 52 };
14 int insert; // temporary variable to hold element to insert
15
16 cout << "Unsorted array:\n";
17
18 // output original array
19 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
20 cout << setw( 4 ) << data[ i ];
21 For each array
22 // insertion sort
element
23 // loop over the elements of the array
24 for ( int next = 1; next < arraySize; next++ )
25 {
26 insert = data[ next ]; // store the value in the current element
27
28 int moveItem = next; // initialize location to place element

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29
44
30
31
// search for the location in which to put the current element
while ( ( moveItem > 0 ) && ( data[ moveItem - 1 ] > insert ) )
Outline
32 {
33 // shift element one slot to the right
34 data[ moveItem ] = data[ moveItem - 1 ];
Find location where
fig07_20.cpp
current element should
35 moveItem--;
36 } // end while reside
37 (2 of 2)
38 data[ moveItem ] = insert; // place inserted element into the array
39 } // end for
40
41 cout << "\nSorted array:\n";
42 Place element in proper
43 // output sorted array
location
44 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
45 cout << setw( 4 ) << data[ i ];
46
47 cout << endl;
48 return 0; // indicates successful termination
49 } // end main

Unsorted array:
34 56 4 10 77 51 93 30 5 52
Sorted array:
4 5 10 30 34 51 52 56 77 93

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 45

7.9 Multidimensional Array

• Multidimensional arrays with two dimensions

– Called two dimensional or 2-D arrays
– Represent tables of values with rows and columns
– Elements referenced with two subscripts ([ x ][ y ])
– In general, an array with m rows and n columns is called an
m-by-n array
• Multidimensional arrays can have more than two
dimensions

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 46

Common Programming Error 7.12

• Referencing a two-dimensional array element a[ x ]

[ y ] incorrectly as a[ x, y ] is an error.
Actually, a[ x, y ] is treated as a[ y ], because
C++ evaluates the expression x, y (containing a
comma operator) simply as y (the last of the comma-
separated expressions).

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 47

7.9 Multidimensional Array (Cont.)

• Declaring and initializing two-dimensional arrays

– Declaring two-dimensional array b
• int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
– 1 and 2 initialize b[ 0 ][ 0 ] and b[ 0 ][ 1 ]
– 3 and 4 initialize b[ 1 ][ 0 ] and b[ 1 ][ 1 ]
• int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } };
– Row 0 contains values 1 and 0 (implicitly initialized to
zero)
– Row 1 contains values 3 and 4

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 48

Fig.7.21 | Two-dimensional array with three rows and four

columns.
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1 // Fig. 7.22: fig07_22.cpp
49
2
3
// Initializing multidimensional arrays.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
7 void printArray( const int [][ 3 ] ); // prototype
fig07_22.cpp
8
9 int main() (1 of 2)
10 {
11 int array1[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
12 int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; Use nested array
13 int array3[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 4 } }; initializers to initialize
14 arrays
15 cout << "Values in array1 by row are:" << endl;
16 printArray( array1 );
17
18 cout << "\nValues in array2 by row are:" << endl;
19 printArray( array2 );
20
21 cout << "\nValues in array3 by row are:" << endl;
22 printArray( array3 );
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24 } // end main

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25
50
26 // output array with two rows and three columns
27 void printArray( const int a[][ 3 ] )
Outline
28 {
29 // loop through array's rows
30 for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ )
fig07_22.cpp
31 {
32 // loop through columns of current row
33 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) Use nested for loops (2
to of
print
2)
34 cout << a[ i ][ j ] << ' '; array
35
36 cout << endl; // start new line of output
37 } // end outer for
38 } // end function printArray

Values in array1 by row are:

1 2 3
4 5 6
Values in array2 by row are:
1 2 3
4 5 0
Values in array3 by row are:
1 2 0
4 0 0

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