T( f ) T( f )

f f

(a) (b)

T( f ) T( f )

f
f
(c)

T( f ) T( f )

f f

Figure 10-1 Ideal filter responses: (a) lowpass network response; (b) highpass network
response; (c) bandpass network response; (d) bandstop network response; and (e) allpass
network response.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 RS I1 I2 I1 I2
LOSSLESS V 2(s) LOSSLESS V 2(s)
Vg V 1 (s) PASSIVE RL Vg V 1 (s) PASSIVE RL
NETWORK NETWORK
Z in,1(s) Z in,2(s) Z in,1(s) Z in,2(s)

Figure 10-2 Terminated networks: (a) a doubly terminated network; and (b) a singly terminated
network.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1

1.000

0.8
0.999

0.6

|T( )|
0.998

2
|T( )|
0.4
0.997

0.2
0.996

0
0 0.5 1 1 .5 2 2.5 3 3 .5 0.995
(ra d/s )

(a) (d)
1

0.8

0.6

2
0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(ra d/s )

(b) (e)

(c) (f

Figure 10-3 An example of a lowpass filter in terms of various responses: (a) transmission
coefficient; (b) reflection coefficient response; and (c) characteristic function response. Detailed
responses are shown in (d), (e), and (f), respectively.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 x (t) y (t )
FILTER
X (s) Y (s)

INPUT OUTPUT

Figure 10-4 Generic filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 2 T( ) 2
T( )

1 1
2

3
0 0
1
(rad/s) 1 /

(rad/s)

(a) (b

Figure 10-5 Lowpass filter response: (a) ideal “brick-wall” response; and (b) response template
for a realizable filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 n=4 1
n=3
n=2
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

2
2
|T(s)|

| (s)|
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
(ra d/s ) (s = j )

Figure 10-6 Maximally flat, or Butterworth, lowpass filter approximation for various orders, n, of
the filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 N=7
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

2
|T (s )|

| (s)|
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
(rad/s) (s = j )

(a)

N=6
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
2

2
|T (s )|

| (s)|
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
(rad/s) (s = j )

Figure 10-7 Chebyshev lowpass filter approximation: (a) seventh-order filter; and (b) sixth-order
filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 X

in, i Z in, i+1

Figure 10-8 Extraction of a network X to reduce an impedance Zin,i to a lowerorder impedance

Zin,i+1.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 C0

L0 Y rem
Z rem

( a) ( b)

L∞
C∞ Y rem
Z rem

( c) ( d)

Ci

i Y rem
Li Z rem

( e) (f)

Figure 10-9 Synthesis of impedance and admittance functions. Starting with an

impedance function Z(s): (a) extraction of a series capacitor; (c) extraction of a series
inductor; and (e) extraction of a series parallel LC block i. Starting with an admittance
function Y (s): (b) extraction of a shunt inductor; (d) extraction of a shunt capacitor; and
(f) extraction of a shunt series LC block.
From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 2H

2H 2
1F

RLC_synthesized

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 1H 1H

1
F

1
(s)

Figure 10-10 Synthesized maximally flat network with a third-order lowpass reflection response.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 g0 g1 g3 gn (n odd)

Vg g2 g4 gn+1

gn (n even)

g0 g2 gn (n even )

Vg g1 g3 gn+1

gn (n odd)

Figure 10-11 Chebyshev filter prototypes in the Cauer topology: (a) of type 1; and (b) of type 2.
Here n is the order of the filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1
g1 g3 g ( odd )

Vg g2 g4 1

gn (n even)
fil_butterworth_proto1.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 g2 gn (n even)
1

Vg g1 g3 1

gn ( odd )

fil_butterworth_proto2.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1

V 1

L1 C2 L3 C4

Figure 10-12 Fourth-order Butterworth lowpass filter prototype.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 g1 g3 gn (n odd) n
1 n1 3

Vg g2 g4 1

n2 n2

g2 gn−1
1 n1 n3

Vg g1 g3 1
n2 n2
gn (n odd)

Figure 10-13 Odd-order Chebyshev lowpass filter prototypes in the Cauer topology: (a) of type
1; and (b) of type 2. Here n is the order of the filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 K ZL
K Z 0= K
Zin

( a) ( b) (c

Figure 10-14 Impedance inverter (of impedance K): (a) represented as a two-port; (b) the two-
port terminated in a load; and (c) the two-port implemented as a one-quarter wavelength long
line of characteristic impedance Z0.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 λ /4 λ /4

K ZL

Z 0= K Z in Z 0 = K

( a) ( b) (

Figure 10-15 Inverter equivalence: (a) two-port impedance inverter (of impedance K): (b) a
quarter-wave transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 = 1/K; a terminated one-quarter
wavelength long transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 −1:1 −1:1
L
K C K K C K

( a) ( b) (c

Figure 10-16 Equivalent realizations of a series inductor: (a) as a two-port; (b) its realization
using a capacitor, inverters of characteristic impedance K, and a negative unity transformer;
and (c) an alternative realization. C = L/K2.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 −1:1
C
K L K

( a) ( b)

Figure 10-17 A series capacitor: (a) as a two-port; (b) its realization using a shunt inductor,
inverters and negative unity transformer. L = CK2

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 g0 g1 g3 gn (n odd)

Vg g2 g4 gn+1

gn (n even)
(a

1 −1:1 −1:1 −1:1

Vg 1 1 1 1 1 1

g1 g2 g3 g4 g5

Vg 1 1 1 1 1

g1 g2 g3 g4 g5

Figure 10-18 Ladder prototype filters using impedance inverters: (a) lumped-element prototype;
(b) first stage in transformation using inverters; and (c) final stage.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 y = +jB j/J
J= 1
K y = _jB y = _jB _j/J _j/J

( a) (b

Figure 10-19 Admittance inverter: (a) as a two-port; (b) generalized inverter realized using
lumped elements (identical if B = J); and (c) lumped equivalent circuit of the admittance
inverter of (a) (the element values in (c) are impedances).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 jK
K _jK _jK

(a) (b

Figure 10-20 Impedance inverter: (a) as a two-port; and (b) its lumped equivalent circuit (the
element values in (b) are impedances).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 _
y = _jB y = +jB y = jB y1
yin y = yL yin y3 y2 yL

Figure 10-21 Terminated lumped-element admittance inverter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 STUB 2
Z0
jK jK
jK jK Z
K
_jK _jK Z0 0
STUB 1 STUB 3

(a) (b)

Figure 10-22 Narrowband inverter equivalents at frequency f0: (a) impedance inverter with
characteristic impedance K; (b) lumped-element equivalent network; (c) inverter realized by
short- and open-circuited stubs.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 K

inverter_for_stub.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 J

inverterJ_for_stub.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 STUB 2
Z0
jK
jK jK
Z0 Z0
STUB 1 STUB 3

inverter_stub_equiv.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 STUB 2
Z0
jK
jK jK Z
Z0 0
STUB 1 STUB 3

inverter_stub_equiv_open.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 L LxZ0

(a)

C C/Z 0

(b)

K K Z0

Figure 10-23 Impedance transformations: (a) for an inductor; (b) for a capacitor; and (c) for an
inverter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 L1
1

Vg K 1

C1 C2 C3
(a

50 L 1 x50

Vg 50K 50

C 1/50 C 2/50 C 3/50

Figure 10-24 Impedance transformation of an example filter: (a) filter normalized to 1 ; and (b)
impedance transformed to a reference of 50 .

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 T ( s) 2 2
T (s)

=1 0
j
(rad/s) (s=j ) c j
(rad/s) (s=j )
(a

Figure 10-25 Frequency transformation of a lowpass filter from, (a) one normalized to a corner
frequency of 1 rad/s, to (b) one with a radian corner frequency of c.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 L L/ C

(a)

C C/ C

(b

Figure 10-26 Frequency transformations for (a) an inductor; and (b) a capacitor. The
impedance of the new (scaled) element at the new (scaled) frequency is the same as it was at
the original frequency.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 2
2 T (s)
T ( s)

=1 =1 j
j
(rad/s) (s=j ) (rad/s) (s=j )

(a)

Figure 10-27 Lowpass to highpass transformation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1
L
L

fil_inductor_to_highpass_v1.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1
C
C

fil_cap_to_highpass_v1.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 n1 C1 C3 Cn (n odd) n
3

Vg L2 L4 1

n2 n2

1 n1 C2 Cn−1 n
3

Vg L1 L3 1
n2 n
gn (n odd2 )

Figure 10-28 Odd-order Chebyshev highpass filter prototypes in the Cauer topology: (a) of type
1; and (b) of type 2. Here n is the order of the filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 2
T (s)

1 +1 j
(rad/s) (s=j )

(a)

2
T(s)

1 0 2 jw
(rad/s) (s= )

Figure 10-29 Frequency responses in lowpass to bandpass transformation: (a) two-sided

lowpass filter response; and (b) bandpass filter approximation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Figure 10-30 Transformations of the elements of a prototype lowpass filter to obtain specific
filter types. The corner frequency of the lowpass prototype is 1 radian/s. In the transformations
 0  1 L1C1   2
to bandpass and bandstop filters, ; 1 and 2 are the band-edge
frequencies; and α is the transformation constant,  = 0/(2  1). The corner frequency of the
lowpass prototype is 1 radian/s.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z0 L2 C2 L n−1 Cn −1
n1

Vg Z0

2 n
L1 C1 L 3 C3 L n Cn

Figure 10-31 Lumped-element odd-order (nth-order) Chebyshev bandpass filter prototypes in

the type II Cauer topology.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 2
T (s)

1 +1 j
(rad/s) (s= )

(a)

2
T(s) 1 2

0 j
(rad/s) (s=j )

Figure 10-32 Frequency responses in lowpass to bandstop transformation: (a) two sided
lowpass filter response; and (b) bandstop filter approximation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z0 −1
n1 n3

Vg L2 L n−1 Z0

n2 n2
L1 C1 L 3 C3 L n Cn

Figure 10-33 Lumped-element odd-order (nth-order) Chebyshev bandpass filter prototypes in

the type II Cauer topology.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 RS
1 1 1 1
Vg
g1 g2 g3 g4

RS
1 1 1 1
Vg
1/g1 1/g2 1/g3 1/g4

RS
1 1 1 1
Vg

L = /g1 L = / g2 L = / g3 L = / g4
C =g1/ C = g2 / C =g3 / C = g4 /

RS
1
Vg

L = 1/ ( g1) L = 1/ ( g2) L = 1/ ( g3) L = 1/ ( g4)

C = g1 C = g2 C = g3 C = g4

Figure 10-34 Ladder prototype filters: (a) lowpass prototype ladder filter; (b) highpass prototype
ladder filter; (c) bandstop prototype ladder filter; and (d) bandpass prototype ladder filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 LOW LOW
IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE l L

C ZO C C ( jX) C
HIGH
IMPEDANCE

(a) (b) (

Figure 10-35 Inductive length of line with adjacent capacitive lines: (a) microstrip form; (b)
lumped equivalent circuit; and (c) lumped-distributed equivalent circuit.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 HIGH HIGH
IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE jX jX

C (y=jB)
LOW
IMPEDANCE

(a) (

Figure 10-36 Capacitive length of line with adjacent inductive lines: (a) microstrip; and (b)
lumped equivalent (the left-most and right-most series inductors come from the high-impedance
lines).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Figure 10-37 Equivalences resulting from Richards’ transformation. With fr = 2f0 the
transmission line stubs are one-eighth wavelength long at f0.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 K 12 K 23 K34

C1 C2 C3 C4

Z1 K 12 Z2 K 23 Z3 K 34 Z 4

Zi = 1/( Ci)

Figure 10-38 Lowpass prototypes: (a) lowpass prototype as a ladder filter with inverters; and
(b) lowpass distributed prototype with open-circuited stubs (the impedance looking into the stub
is indicated).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 2
T (s)

=1 j
(rad/s) (s=j )
(a)

2
T( )

1 2 2 32

Figure 10-39 Lowpass to distributed lowpass transformation: (a) lowpass filter response; and
(b) distributed lowpass filter response.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 T (j ) 2

=1 j

(a)

T (j ) 2

1 2 2 32

Figure 10-40 Highpass to distributed highpass transformation: (a) highpass filter response; and
(b) distributed highpass filter response.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 K 12 K 23 K34

C1 C2 C3 C4
(

1
K 12 K 23 K 34 C4
1
L 1= C1 L 2 = C1 L3 = 1 L4= C
1 2 C3 4

K 12 K 23 K 34

C1 C2 C3 C4

Figure 10-41 Ladder prototype transformation: (a) lowpass prototype; (b) highpass prototype
response; and (c) distributed highpass prototype (the input impedances of the stubs are
indicated).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 n2 = 1 + Z 2 /Z1
Z1

Z2 n 2Z 1 n2

(a)
Z1
n2
Z2
Z1
n2
(b)
1: n2
Z2 Z1
Z1 Z2
n2 n2
(c)

Z n2 n2:1

Z1 n 2Z 1

(d)

Figure 10-42 Kuroda’s identities. Here the inverters are impedance inverters and the
designation refers to the impedance of the inverter. Recall that an inverter of impedance Z1 can
be realized by a quarter-wavelength long transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1. (As
usual, element impedances are indicated.)

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 n2 = 1 + Z 2 /Z1

Z1
Z2 n 2Z 1 n 2 Z 2

(a)

Z2 Z1
Z1 n2
n2
(b)
1: n 2
Z2 Z1
Z2
n2 n2
(c)

n2:1
n 2Z
Z1 n 2Z 1

(d)

Figure 10-43 The stub formof the Kuroda identities with impedance inverters. The stub
impedances shown are the input impedances of the stubs.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1:n n :1
Z 02
1 4
1 4

2 3 Z 01
2 3

Figure 10-44 Network model of a pair of coupled lines.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1:n n :1
Z 02
1 4
1 4

2 3 Z 01
2 3

Z 02

Z 01 Z 01
2 3 2 3
Z 02

Figure 10-45 Lowpass distributed network section derived froma pair of coupled lines
with Port 1 open-circuited. Note the shorthand notation for an open circuit which is a node
(open circle) with a line through it. The final network model is a transmission line of
characteristic impedance A1 and an open-circuited stub of impedance characteristic
impedance Z2. The lengths of the transmission lines are one-quarter wavelength long at
the corner frequency.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1: n n :1
Z 02
1 4 1 4

2 3
Z 01
2 3

Z 02 n :1
n :1 Z 02
Z 01 4
2 4

Z 01
2

Figure 10-46 Parallel coupled-line section with Ports 1 and 3 open-circuited, and network
model.s

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1:n n :1
Z2
1 4
1 4

2 3
Z1
2 3

n :1
Z 02
n :1 4
Z 02
2 4

Z 01 Z 01
2

Figure 10-47 Interdigital section and network models.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1:n n :1
Z 02
1 4
1 4

2 3 Z 01
2 3

Z 02 1:n
1:n Z 02
1
1 2
Z 01
Z 01
2

Z 012

1 2
Z 011 Z 022

Figure 10-48 Combline section and network model.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 02 Z 012
1:n

1 2 1 2
Z 01 Z 011 Z 022

(a) (

Figure 10-49 Equivalent models of a section of combline.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 2 3 1 −j/J 2 −j/J 3

J1 J y J J3 J1 j/J y j/J J3
j/J j/J
0 0 0 0

1 2 3 1 −j/d 2 −j/d 3

J1 y J3 y1 j/d
J x 1 Jx J1 j/d J3
j/d j/d
0 0 0
y1 = yx d =J x 0 y1 = yx

Figure 10-50 Inverter network: (a) network with two identical admittance inverters with an
inserted shunt element of admittance, y1; (b) equivalent network using equivalence shown in
Figure 10-19; (c) scaled original network; and (d) scaled equivalent network. Element values are
impedances except for y and y1, which are admittances.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 IMPEDANCE OR ADMITTANCE ADMITTANCE INVERTERS
INVERTERS

1 nH
y C J x C J x
1 1
= 0.1 S 1 = 0.1 S
1 nF y1 = yx
(a) (b) (c)

IMPEDANCE INVERTERS

10 C1 10

10 pF
(d)

Figure 10-51 Realization of a series inductor as a shunt capacitor with inverters.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1

Vg 1 1 2 1 1F 1

2F

Figure 10-52 A lowpass prototypewith admittance inverters having an admittance of 1 S.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 J J

Vg 1F −J −J −J −J 1F 1

2F

fil_maximallyflat_prototype_with_approximated_inverters.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 L1

1
C1 C2 1
Vg

Figure 10-53 Step 1. A third-order Chebyshev lowpass filter prototype.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1:1
1
1 1 1

C1 L1 C3
(a)

1
1 1 1

C1 L1 C3

Figure 10-54 Step 2. Prototype filter with inductor replaced by a capacitor and admittance
inverter combination: (a) with unity inverting transformer; and (b) with the transformer eliminated
as it has no effect on the filter response. Note that L1 has the units of farads.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 1
1 1

C1a C 2a C 3a

fil_example_combline_step2b.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1
1 1 1
Vg

C1’ L’1 C2’ L’ C’ L’3

Figure 10-55 Step 3. Bandpass filter prototype with inverters derived from the lowpass filter
prototype of Figure 10-54.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1:N N :1

Z2 4
4

2 3

Z1 3

1:N

1 Z2
Z2
1:N

1 2
Z1

2 Z1

fil_lumped_bandpass_resonator.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 12

1
Z1

Z 01 Z 02

fil_lumped_distributed_bandpass_resonator.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 50
50 50 50

C1 L 1 C2 L 2 C3 L 3

Figure 10-56 Step 4. Bandpass filter approximation where the inverters are now impedance
inverters.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 01 ,

C1 L1 C0 Z1
Z 01
Z1

(a) (b) (

Figure 10-57 Resonator equivalence: (a) lumped resonator resonant at radian frequency ; (b)
mixed lumped-distributed resonator containing a resonant short-circuited stub of characteristic
impedance Z0 resonant at radian frequency r; and (c) short-circuited transmission line stub
resonant at radian frequency r. In (b) and (c) Z01 is the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line and Z1 is the input impedance of the shorted transmission line.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 01

Z1

Figure 10-58 Short-circuited transmission line used as a stub resonator in a bandpass filter.
The line is resonant at the radian frequency r and so the electrical length of the line is θ = 90.
Using the design choice here, the filter center passband frequency  = r/2, and so θ = 45 and
so the input impedance of the shorted-stub is Z1=JZ01.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 50 1 2 3

50 50 50
//
C1 Z 01 C 2/ / Z 02 C 3/ / Z 03

Figure 10-59 Step 5. Bandpass combline filter with impedance inverters. The transmission line
stubs present impedances Z1=JZ01, Z2=JZ02, and Z3=JZ03 since the resonant frequencies of the
stubs are twice that of the design center frequency.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 50
56.9102 56.9102 50
/// //
C 1/ / Z 01 C 2 Z 02
/
C3 Z 03

Figure 10-60 Step 6. Bandpass combline filter with impedance inverters. Again Z1=JZ01, Z2=JZ02,
and Z3=JZ03 are the input impedances of the stubs since the resonant frequencies of the stubs is
twice that of the design center frequency.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 j 56.9102 j 56.9102

56.9102 −j56.9102 −j 56.9102 j 56.9102 j 56.9102

(a) (b) (

Figure 10-61 Inverter translation used with the combline filter design: (a) impedance inverter;
(b) realization as a lumped element circuit; and (c) realization using short-circuited stubs
resonant at twice the passband center frequency.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 j 7.588 −j56.9102

Z 01 Zx
= 7.588 = 56.9102

j 7.588 −j 56.9102

j 8.7161

j 8.71

Z 01
= 8.7161

Figure 10-62 Step 6b. Bandpass combline filter with impedance inverters. Again Z1, Z2, and Z3
are the input impedances of the stubs

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 012 Z 023
5

50
// /
C 1/ / Z 01
/ /// //
C 2 Z 02 C 3 Z 03

Figure 10-63 Step 7: Bandpass filter approximation where Z’01, Z’02 , Z’03 , Z012, and Z023 are the
characteristic impedances of the stubs which are resonant at frequency fr—twice the center
frequency of the bandpass filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 0 t 12 Z 0t 23
388.6681

388.66

Ct1 Z 0 t 1 Ct 2 Z 0 t 2 C t3 Z 0 t 3

Figure 10-64 Step 8: Bandpass filter approximation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 0 t 12 Z 0t 23
50

139.404 139.404

Ct1 Z 0 t 1 Ct 2 Z 0 t 2 C t3 Z 0 t 3

Figure 10-65 Step 9: Bandpass filter approximation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 /4
K RL
Z0 RL

Figure 10-66 Inverter equivalence: (a) terminated impedance inverter; and (b) its equivalent
transmission line form where Z0 = K. The equivalence is exact at the frequency where the
transmission line is one-quarter wavelength long.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 C

Ca RL K RL

Yin Yin

Figure 10-67 Equivalence of an inverter and a capacitor section. Note that one of the
capacitors must be negative.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Cb Cb
50 Ca Ca 50

Figure 10-68 The external inverters of the prototype shown in Figure 10-65 replaced by
capacitive networks.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Z 0 t 12 Z 0 t 23
50 Cb Cb

C1 Z 0 t 1 Ct 2 Z 0 t 2 C3 Z 0 t 3

Figure 10-69 Step 10: The bandpass filter approximation combining the capacitive equivalent of
the inverters with the first and last resonators in the circuit of Figure 10-65.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 J 12

Zin C1 C

Figure 10-70 Bandpass filter approximation with an admittance inverter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 0
m1 0

-10 -10

(dB)

(dB)
-20 -20

-30 -30

S21

S 11
-40 -40

-50 -50
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
FREQUENCY (GHz)
(a)

(b)
6
m1
(ns)

4
GROUP DELAY

0
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
FREQUENCY (GHz)
(c

Figure 10-71 Interresonator response with two resonators: (a) magnitude of transmission and
reflection responses; (b) phase of transmission response; and (c) group delay.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 L C

Yin

Figure 10-72 Bandpass resonator.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 INPUT OUTPUT s3
PORT 1 PORT 2
50 Cb C1 C2 C3 Cb s1 s2
w5 w6
1 2 50 s5
s4

w1 w2 w3

Figure 10-73 Physical layout of the combline bandpass filter designed in Sections 10.14–
10.14.5: (a) with discrete capacitors; and (b) with integrated capacitors.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 1 1

C1 C2 C3

Figure 10-74 Bandpass filter approximation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1

1 1

L1 L2 L3

Figure 10-75 Bandstop filter prototype.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1

L1 L2 1 L3 1
C1 C2 C3

Figure 10-76 Bandstop filter following transformation fromthe lowpass prototype.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 50
L1 L2 L3
50 50 50
C1 C2 C

Figure 10-77 Bandstop filter after impedance transformation.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 C0
L
C C1 L1

(a) (b

Figure 10-78 Transformations of the resonators in the bandstop filter to obtain realizable
values. The series LC resonator in (a) is transformed to the form in (b).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1.1838 pF
93.448 nH _
~ 5 nH
3.8942 pF
0.2717 pF

(a) (b)

1.3461 pF
72.1362 nH
_
~
3.7322 pF 5 nH
0.352 pF

(c) (d)

1.1838 pF 1.3461 pF 1.1838 pF

50

50 50 50

5 nH 3.8942 pF 5 nH 3.732 pF 5 nH 3.8942 pF

(e)

Figure 10-79 Intermediate bandstop filter prototype.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 C L _~ Z0

(a) (b)

Figure 10-80 Equivalence of shunt bandpass resonator to shunt short-circuited stub.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 3.8942 pF 5 nH 20
f r = r =1.1026 GHz
2

(a) (b)

20
3.7322 pF 5 nH ω
f r = r =1.1182 GHz
2π
2

(c) (d)

1.1838 pF 1.3461 pF 1.1838 pF

50

50 50 50

20 20 20
(e)

Figure 10-81 Bandstop filter prototype using stub approximations. The stub in (b) is the
transmission line approximation of the parallel resonant circuit in (a). The stub in (d)
approximates the circuit in (c).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 through line

0 /4 0 /4

gap capacitor
~_ 0 /4
resonator

Figure 10-82 Physical layout of a bandstop filter in microstrip.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 0
−10
−20
−30 S 11
(dB
−40
−50
S 11 S 21

−60
−70
−80 S 21
−90
−100
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
FREQUENCY (GHz)

Figure 10-83 Response of the bandstop filter shown in Figure 10-82.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Figure 10-84 General microstrip layout for an end-coupled bandpass filter (series coupling gaps
between cascaded straight resonator elements).

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Micros trip input a nd output line s

Die le ctric re s ona tors (DRs )

Figure 10-85 A microstrip coupled dielectric resonator bandpass filter configuration.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 Figure 10-86 Microstrip layout of a seven-section, parallel coupled bandpass filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 INP U G
OUTP UT
2R 2R

2C

C C

Figure 10-87 Active twin-T bandpass filter: center frequency f0 = πRC/4 and Q = (G + 1)/4.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 - V OUT
+ IO + +
GM -
VIN +
- + C2
C1 +
-

V IN
R

(a)
(b

Figure 10-88 Operational transconductance amplifier: (a) schematic; and (b) an RF biquad
bandpass filter.

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1/2 TANK CIRCUIT
1/4 1/4
COUPLED LINE UNCOUPLED LINE
IN OUT

J-INVERTER
J-INVERTER
RS RP
RL
EQUIVALENT RN
J-INVERTER

LOW PASS NEGATIVE RESISTANCE

FILTER CIRCUIT

Figure 10-89 An active coupled distributed filter: (a) schematic; and (b) equivalent circuit. After
Chang and Itoh [166].

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 DRAIN BIAS

OUTPUT

C FB

SOURCE
VG BIAS

Figure 10-90 An active resonator circuit. After Karacaoglu and Robertson [167].

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1

V 1

L1 C2 L3 C4

fil_butterworth_4thfil_butterworth_4th

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 1 X2

X1 X3

fil_cheby_lpf_order3_type2

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.
 X1 X3

X2

fil_cheby_lpf_order3_type1.eps

From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer © 2010 by SciTech Publishing. All rights reserved.