Maintaining an operating microscope

o Principles of operation
 function
 use
 scientific
principles
o construction
o preventive maintenance
 components
 replacing
 system diagram
 inputs/outputs components
o troubleshooting  calibrating
o safety considerations
 identifying
 user and patient
common faults
 replacing safety
 electrical safety
components
o performance monitoring
 rectifying faults
 calibration
 quality assurance and
control
 MICROSCOPE
What is Microscope?
 Is an optical device capable of magnifying objects.

What is compound microscope?

 Microscope composed of the two convex lenses i.e. Objective lenses and Eye
piece.
We have got two types of lenses which is convex and concave lenses

Point to note:
 Most of the microscope devices especially compound microscope uses Convex lenses
for image formation.
 CONVEX LENSES
Optical center

Principal axis

Principal foci of the lenses

 CONVEX LENSES

Point to note when imaging with a convex lenses

 Focal length is the distance from the center of the lens to the principal foci (or focal
points) of the lens.
 Focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges
or diverges light.
Two types of focal length
I. Positive focal length indicates that the system converges light.
II. Negative focal length indicates that the systems diverges light.
 CONVEX LENSES
Rules for image formation of a convex lens
 A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis after refraction
passes through the focus on the other side of the lens.
 A ray of light passing through the optical center of the lens goes
straight. It emerges without any deviation.
 A ray of light passing through the focus after refraction becomes
parallel to the principal axis.
 CONVEX LENSES

Note
 Image is formed when you choose any of two rules out of three rules.
 When the lines formed by the two rules cross to each other, the image is
formed.
 CONVEX LENSES
 As you approach the lens and its focal length then the image is highly magnified and it can
be produced to infinity where we can not see.
 But its possible to produce them backward to obtain an image as in figure 2.

Figure 1 Figure 2
PROPERTIES OF AN IMAGE FORMED BY A LENS

 Real and Inverted or Virtual and Upright.

 Magnified, diminished or same size.
 Position of the image
 WORKING OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
 A compound microscope has multiple lenses which collect light from the object and then
focus the light into the eyes.
 The object O is placed just outside fo the focus of objective lens.
 A real inverted and magnified image is formed
 The magnified I1 image acting as an object for the eye lens.
 The eye peace is adjusted such that the image of I1 lies between the focus of the eye peace.
 Operating Microscope
Surgeons use operating microscopes to magnify small structures
(e.g., nerves and blood vessels) in the operating field.
Therefore performing a surgery with the help of microscope is
called micro-surgery.

 For magnification (up to 10×), the surgeon can use a loupe,

which has a single lens for each eye attached to spectacles or a
headband (right). The focal length of a loupe cannot be
adjusted, so surgeons must hold their heads at a specific
distance from the operating field.
 For procedures requiring high magnification and
adjustable focusing, the surgeon must use a
(binocular) operating microscope.
 Operating microscope: Use
An operating or surgical microscope is an
optical instrument that provides the
surgeon with a stereoscopic, high quality
magnified and illuminated image of the
small structures in the surgical area.

Where does it used?

It is applied in dentistry, ENT

surgery(ear nose and throat
surgery), ophthalmology and There is often a prism that allows splitting of the
neurology to perform complex light beam to assists in visualization procedure or to
procedures on delicate ‘micro-’ take pictures or video of the operating field
structures like nerves, blood
vessels and lesions.
 Scientific Principles: Lenses and Magnification
 Optical
magnification is the process to enlarge something in appearance. The degree of
magnification is given by the magnification factor.

How do we get a magnification factor?

 Optical magnification is the ratio between the apparent size (V) of an object (or its size in
an image) and its true size(U), and thus it is a dimensionless number.
 Also is the ratio of the height of image to the height of an object.

When a lens is used to form an image of some object, the distance from the object to the
lens U and the distance from the lens to the image V and focal length f are related by:

That is:
The magnification is dependent on the ‘strength’ of the lens (focal distance) and on the
distance of the object to the lens.
 Scientific Principles: Image Formation
The optical microscope magnifies an object in two
steps. In both steps converging lenses are used.
1. The objective lens (in reality an optical system
consisting of several lenses) produces a magnified,
real image of the object.
2. The eye piece is positioned so that this image is in
its focal point. As a result we generate a beam of
parallel rays. The human eye is able to handle this
parallel beam and generates an image onto its
retina.
In a microscope, all distances between object, lenses and
eye are fixed. Therefore the magnification is determined
by the strength of eye piece and objective lens, usually An eye-piece lens often has magnification X10.
written on it. Objective lenses are usually: X4 (low power), X10 (medium
For a microscope, M is calculated as power) and X40 (high power).
If you have a X10 eye-piece and you are using a X4 objective
lens (low power) the total magnification will be: 10x4 = X40
M microscope = M objective x M eyepiece
 Operating microscope:
Construction
The optical components of a basic stereo microscope consist of:
• the binocular head
• a magnification changer
• the objective lens
• an illuminator which beams light through the objective lens and onto
the operating field
The binocular head consists of two telescopes with adjustable eyepieces for
users with glasses! The magnification can be changed by turning a knob
(which selects different magnification lenses).

The working distance is the distance from the microscope objective lens to the
point of focus of the optical system. This value is fixed and is dependent on the
chosen focal length of the objective lens. The choice of working distance depends
on the type of surgery.

ophthalmologic surgery
 Operating microscope: Construction
Operating microscopes are similar in design to standard laboratory
optical binocular microscopes but are equipped with features that
enable use in the surgical environment
• special illumination,
• relatively large field sizes,
• long working distances
The microscope body is typically held by an adjustable arm attached
to a mobile floor stand or wall/ceiling mount.

Enclosed in the body tube of the microscope is a magnification

changer—has a rotating the drum that provides different
magnifications without altering the working distance.

The lens system consists of magnification drum, eyepiece lenses, and

objective lenses.
 Components
A foot pedal connected to the floor stand
allows the surgeon to control the zoom,
the position of the optics over the eye (the
x,y position on the horizontal plane) and to
turn the illumination on and off.

The illumination system is usually housed in the

floor stand in order to keep the bulb heat away
from the operating field. In this case, the light is
transmitted to the operating field by means of a
fibre optic cable. 
Operating microscope: Construction
most knobs are to
select and to
change distances
between various
lenses in order to
focus the image on
the object under
investigation.
 Operating microscope: Selection of lenses
Eye Pieces
When a procedure requires a different range of magnifications, the
operator replaces the objective and/or eyepiece lenses with lenses
of greater or lesser power.

There are two types of eyepiece tubes: straight and inclined.

 Straight tubes are coaxial to the body tube and the axis of
observation
 Inclined tubes are attached at an angle. In some models, this
angle can be adjusted.
 Operating microscope: Selection of lenses

Objective lenses

Objective lenses are classified by working distance, which is

determined by the focal length (the distance from the focused
objective lens to the object being viewed).
 Operating microscope: Operation
To focus the microscope, the surgeon
• switch on the illumination
• sets the magnification changer to the lowest
magnification
• adjusts the distance between the binocular eyepieces
to get a clear three-dimensional view
• adjusts the eyepieces to compensate for personal
eyesight limitations
• moves the microscope arm until the field of
illumination coincides with the operating field and the
view is clearly focused.
Trouble shooting (1): example

Problem areas:
• electric power
• light
• stand motion (friction)
• optics motion (focus and zoom)
Trouble shooting (2): example
 Preventive maintenance
Weekly maintenance
• Keep the microscope in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place to prevent fungus growth on the
lenses.
• Clean the optics according to the optical cleaning instructions
• To protect it from dust when not in use, drape a cover over the microscope.
• Cover the foot pedal with a clear plastic bag to prevent fluids from entering and damaging the
electronics.
• Lift the foot pedal off the floor when washing the floor.
• Use a voltage stabiliser with the microscope. This will prevent sudden increases in voltage from
destroying the bulbs and will ensure that the illumination provided remains constant.
• Before using, test the controls of the foot pedal (the x,y movement, zoom,light on and off).
• Before using, check that the suspension arm can be fixed into position to ensure that it does not
fall on the patient.
• Do not move the microscope while the bulb is still hot because strong vibrations may damage the
filament.
 Preventive maintenance
The entire microscope should be checked by a biomedical equipment technician at
least once every six months.

• Clean and oil the wheels and the brakes. Remove any surplus oil when done.
• Check that:
• All mechanical connections which are relevant to safety are properly
connected and screw connections tightened.
• All cables and plugs are in good working condition.
• The voltage setting on the instrument conforms to the rated voltage of
the line supply on site.
• The instrument is plugged into a power outlet which has a properly
connected protective earth contact.
END
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