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Diffusion: Concentrate More On Diffusion !!!

The document discusses diffusion in solids. It defines diffusion mechanisms including vacancy and interstitial diffusion. It explains steady-state and non-steady state diffusion, and how Fick's laws apply. Factors that influence diffusion rates are identified as diffusion species, temperature, and concentration gradients. Temperature is discussed as having an exponential effect on diffusion rates according to an Arrhenius equation. Case hardening via carbon diffusion is provided as an example application.

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Sim Hong Yi
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26 views

Diffusion: Concentrate More On Diffusion !!!

The document discusses diffusion in solids. It defines diffusion mechanisms including vacancy and interstitial diffusion. It explains steady-state and non-steady state diffusion, and how Fick's laws apply. Factors that influence diffusion rates are identified as diffusion species, temperature, and concentration gradients. Temperature is discussed as having an exponential effect on diffusion rates according to an Arrhenius equation. Case hardening via carbon diffusion is provided as an example application.

Uploaded by

Sim Hong Yi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR)

Concentrate
more on
diffusion !!!

Diffusion

1
Diffusion

• Introduction – Rate Reaction & Diffusion

• Diffusion Mechanisms
Vacancy diffusion
Interstitial diffusion

• Steady State diffusion – Fick’s 1st Law

• Non Steady State diffusion – Fick’s 2nd Law

• Factors that influence diffusion


Diffusion Species
Temperature

2
Rate Process in Solids

temperatur
e

E* Er = Energy of reactants
ΔE* E* = Activation Energy Level
Activation Energy ΔE* = Activation Energy
Ep = Energy of Products
Er
Reactants
Energy released
Due to reaction Diffusion
happen
EP
Products
Reaction Coordinate

3
Rate Process in Solids

 ( E * E ) / KT
Probability  e
K = Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/(atom K)

T = Temperature in Kelvin.

4
Diffusion

Need very high


energy
5
Diffusion

Cu Ni

6
Types of Diffusion

Two types of diffusion Concentrating


more on this

Self diffusion Impurity diffusion


(Interdiffusion)
Atomic migration in Diffusion of atoms of
pure metals or of the one metal into another.
same type.

7
Types of Diffusion

Self diffusion

• All atoms exchanging positions are of the same


type.

8
Types of Diffusion

Interdiffusion (Impurity Diffusion)

• There is a net drift or transport of atoms from


high to low concentration region.

9
Diffusion Mechanisms

Temperature (main)

10
Diffusion Mechanisms

Two Mechanisms

Vacancy diffusion Interstitial diffusion

Interchange of an Involves atoms that migrate


atom from a normal from an interstitial position
lattice position to an to a neighboring interstitial
adjacent vacancy. site that is empty.

11
Diffusion Mechanisms

increasing elapsed time

12
Diffusion mechanisms

13
Diffusion Flux

Differential form
Diffusion flux M
J = ---- , 1 ----
J = --- dM
At A dt

14
Steady-state Diffusion

dC ΔC CA - CB
dx Δx xA - xB

15
Steady-state Diffusion
Rate of diffusion is independent of time; the diffusion flux does not
change with time.

The concentration profile shows the concentration (C) vs the position


within the solid (x); the slope at a particular point is the concentration
gradient.
16
Steady-state Diffusion

dC
dx
Direction of diffusion

17
Nonsteady-state Diffusion
Take average

Independent with
each others
• Involves most practical
diffusion situations.

• The figure on the right


shows the concentration
profiles for nonsteady-
state diffusion taken at
three different time t1 , t2
and t3.
18
Nonsteady-state Diffusion

19
Nonsteady-state Diffusion

dC d 2
C
----- = D(------)
dt dx2

Where D is the diffusion coefficient (m2/s)

• Solution to the expression is possible for a semi-


infinite solid, in which none of the diffusing
atoms reaches the bar end during the time over
which diffusion takes place

20
Nonsteady-state Diffusion

21
Nonsteady-state Diffusion
For a semi-infinite solid :

• The boundary conditions are stated as follows :

For t= 0, C = C0 at 0 ≤ x ≤∞
For t > 0, C = Cs (the constant surface concentration) at x = 0,
C = C0 at x = ∞

• Application of the boundary conditions to the expression yields

Where Cx represents the concentration at depth x after time t and erf() is the
Gaussian error function

22
Nonsteady-state Diffusion

Concentration, C Cs

Cs – Co
Cx
Cx – Co
Co

Distance from interface, x

23
Nonsteady-state Diffusion
For t= 0, For t > 0,
C = C0, C = Cs C = C0
at 0 ≤ x ≤∞ at x = 0, at x = ∞

Cs X=0

x
Co X

Co
X=∞
24
Nonsteady-state Diffusion

Concentration of diffusing species

t3 t1 < t 2 < t 3

t2
t1

Distance

25
Factors that Influence Diffusion

26
Factors that Influence Diffusion

27
Factors that Influence Diffusion

28
Factors that Influence Diffusion

29
Temperature and Diffusion Rate

Diffusion coefficient,

Where
D0 = a temperature-independent pre-exponential
(m2/s)
Qd = the activation energy, or the energy required to
produce the diffusive motion of one mol of
atoms (J/mol or eV/atom)
R = the gas constant , 8.31 J/mol.K
or 8.62 x 10-5 eV/atom.K
T = absolute temperature (K)
30
Case Hardening

• A technique by which both surface


hardness and fatigue life are enhanced
for steel alloys.

• Can be accomplished by increasing the


surface concentration of carbon via
diffusion in a process termed
carburizing.

• In carburizing, the steel piece is


exposed, at an elevated temperature, to
an atmosphere rich in a hydrocarbon
gas, such as methane (CH4).

31
Case Hardening
A plate of iron is exposed to a carburizing (carbon-rich) atmosphere on one
side and a decarburizing (carbon-deficient) at mosphere on th other side at
700oC (1300oF). If a condition of steady state is achieved, calculate the
diffusion flux of carbon through the plate if the concentrations of carbon at
positions of 5 and 10 mm (5 x 10-3 and 10-2 m) beneath the carburizing
surface are 1.2 and 0.8 kg/m3, respectively. Assume a diffusion coefficient
of 3 x 10-11 m2/s at this temperature.

Solution

Fick’s first law is utilized to determine the diffusion flux.

CA - CB (1.2 – 0.8) kg/m3


J = – D(----------) = – (3 x 10 m /s) -----------------------
-11 2
xA - xB (5 x 10-3 – 10-2) m
= 2.4 x 10-9 kg/m2s

32

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