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Atom Video: V Xqnsq3Oqmgi&Feature Share

The document discusses electron configurations and the principles that govern how electrons fill atomic orbitals. It begins by introducing the Aufbau principle, also known as the "bottom-up rule", and Hund's rule regarding how electrons occupy orbitals. It then discusses the Pauli exclusion principle, electron spin, and provides examples of writing electron configurations using both spdf notation and orbital box diagrams. The document also covers topics like quantum numbers, orbital energies, valence electrons, and magnetic properties related to electron spin.

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Gorby Resuello
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59 views

Atom Video: V Xqnsq3Oqmgi&Feature Share

The document discusses electron configurations and the principles that govern how electrons fill atomic orbitals. It begins by introducing the Aufbau principle, also known as the "bottom-up rule", and Hund's rule regarding how electrons occupy orbitals. It then discusses the Pauli exclusion principle, electron spin, and provides examples of writing electron configurations using both spdf notation and orbital box diagrams. The document also covers topics like quantum numbers, orbital energies, valence electrons, and magnetic properties related to electron spin.

Uploaded by

Gorby Resuello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Atom video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=xqNSQ3OQMGI&feature=share
Basic Principle:
electrons occupy
lowest energy
levels available
Aufbau Principle -- “Bottom Up Rule”
How could an orbital hold two electrons
Electron spin without electrostatic repulsion?

 

Stern-Gerlach
Experiment
2 ways to write electron configurations

spdf Notation spdf NOTATION


for H, atomic number = 1
1 no. of
1s electrons

sublevel
value of energy level

ORBITAL BOX NOTATION


Orbital Box Notation for He, atomic number = 2
Arrows show
2
1s  electron spin
(+½ or -½)
1s
Pauli exclusion principle

An orbital can contain a maximum of 2 electrons,


and they must have the opposite “spin.”

Example:
Determine the electron configuration and orbital
notation for the ground state neon atom.
Write the ground state configuration and the
orbital diagram for oxygen in its ground state

Hund’s Rule -
Outer electron configuration for the elements
Using the periodic table to know configurations

Period
1
2 Ne
3 Ar
4 Kr
5 Xe
6
7
Valence e’s for “main group” elements
Basic Principle:
electrons occupy
lowest energy
levels available

Rules for Filling Orbitals


Bottom-up
(Aufbau’s principle)

Fill orbitals singly before doubling up


(Hund’s Rule)

Paired electrons have opposite spin


(Pauli exclusion principle)
Identify examples of the following principles:
1) Aufbau 2) Hund’s rule 3) Pauli exclusion
Shorthand notation practice
[Noble Gas Core] + higher energy electrons
Examples
● Aluminum: 1s22s22p63s23p1 [Ne]3s23p1
● Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
[Ar]4s2
● Nickel: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
[Ar]4s23d8 {or [Ar]3d84s2}
● Iodine: [Kr]5s24d105p5 {or [Kr]4d105s25p5}
● Astatine (At): [Xe]6s24f145d106p5
{or [Xe]4f145d106s26p5}
Electron configuration for As
Note: Not written according to Aufbau, but grouping according to n
Orbital energy ladder

f
d
n=4
p
d
s
p n=3
Energy
s
p
s n=2
s n=1
Phosphorus
   Symbol: P

Atomic Number: 15
  
 Full Configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p3

 Valence Configuration: 3s23p3

Shorthand Configuration: [Ne]3s23p3


Box Notation
        
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Quantum numbers and orbital energies
Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers to
define it
{ n, l, ml, ms }

n = principal quantum number


– electron’s energy depends principally on this
l = azimuthal quantum number
– for orbitals of same n, l distinguishes different shapes
(angular momentum)
ml = magnetic quantum number
– for orbitals of same n & l, ml distinguishes different
orientations in space
ms = spin quantum number
– for orbitals of same n, l & ml, ms identifies the two
possible spin orientations
Quantum numbers and orbital energies
Each atom’s electron has a unique set of quantum numbers to define it
{ n, l, ml, ms }

Energy level Sublevel # of orbitals/sublevel


n=1 1s (l = 0) 1 (ml has one value)

n=2 2s (l = 0) 1 (ml has one value)


2p (l = 1) 3 (ml has three values)

n=3 3s (l = 0) 1 (ml has one value)


3p (l = 1) 3 (ml has three values)
3d (l = 2) 5 (ml has five values)

n = principal
quantum
number l = azimuthal ml = magnetic
(energy) quantum quantum
number number
(shape) (orientation)
Concept: Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers
to define it
{ n, l, ml, ms }

21
Quantum numbers: unique set for each e-
s orbitals p orbitals d orbitals f orbitals

l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3

ml = 0 ml = -1, 0, 1 ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 ml=-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3

An s subshell A p subshell A d subshell An f subshell


One s orbital Three p orbitals Five d orbitals Seven f orbitals

For n=1 l=0 an s subshell (with 1 orbital)


For n=2 l=0,1 an s subshell and a p subshell (with 3 orbitals)
For n=3 l=0,1,2 an s subshell, a p subshell, a d subshell (with 5 orbitals)
For n=4 l=0,1,2,3 an s subshell, a p subshell, a d subshell, an f subshell (with 7 orbitals)
Electronic configuration of Br

1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d10 4s24p5

[Ar] 3d104s24p5
[Ar] = “noble gas core”
[Ar]3d10 = “pseudo noble gas core”
(electrons that tend not to react)

Atom’s reactivity is determined by valence electrons


valence e’s in Br: 4s24p5

highest n electrons
Valence e- shells for
transition metals v. main group elements

d orbitals sometimes d orbitals not included


included in valence shell in valence shell
(pseudo noble gas cores)
Rule-of-thumb for valence electrons
Identify all electrons at the highest
principal quantum number (n)
Examples

● Sulfur: 1s22s22p63s23p4 or [Ne]3s23p4


valence electrons: 3s23p4
● Strontium: [Kr]5s2
Use on exams,
valence electrons: 5s2 Use
butTable 8.9
recognize
for limitations
online HW
● Gallium: [Ar]4s 3d 4p
2 10 1

valence electrons: 4s24p1


● Vanadium: [Ar]4s23d3
valence electrons: 4s2 or 3d34s2
Selenium’s valence electrons

Written for increasing energy:

Pseudo noble gas core includes:


 noble gas electron core
 d electrons (not very reactive)
Core and valence electrons in Germanium

Written for increasing energy:

Pseudo noble gas core includes:


 noble gas core
 d electrons
d-block: some exceptions to the Aufbau principle

Fig. 8.9: Use this table for online homework


Electron spin & magnetism

For the ground state oxygen atom:

spdf configuration:

orbital box notation:

Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic:: atoms
atoms with
with unpaired
unpaired electrons
electrons
that
that are
are weakly
weakly attracted
attracted to
to aa magnet.
magnet.

Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic:: atoms
atoms with
with paired
paired electrons
electrons
that
that are
are not
not attracted
attracted to
to aa magnet
magnet..
Apparatus for measuring magnetic properties

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