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Population Genetics: Predicting Inheritance in A Population

The document discusses population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It explains that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of evolutionary influences like selection, mutation, migration, small population size, and non-random mating. The document provides examples of calculating allele frequencies from genotype data and using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies.

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dalit yadav
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41 views

Population Genetics: Predicting Inheritance in A Population

The document discusses population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It explains that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of evolutionary influences like selection, mutation, migration, small population size, and non-random mating. The document provides examples of calculating allele frequencies from genotype data and using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies.

Uploaded by

dalit yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POPULATION GENETICS

Predicting inheritance in a population

Study of genetic variation within populations


Involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of
genes and alleles in populations over space and time. 
One gene- G
Two alleles- “G” and “g”
M G g Hardy-Winberg Equilibrium states that which states that
F
the amount of genetic variation in a population will
G GG Gg remain constant from one generation to the next in the
absence of disturbing factors.
g Gg gg In a population the alleles and genotype frequencies are
CONSTANT
unless
1. No Selection There is an evolutionary force acting on them
2. No Mutation
3. No Migration
4. Big Population Is there any population like this ?
5. Random Mating
Then why do we study this?
Allele and Genotype frequencies
GG Gg gg
M G g
F
G GG Gg
g Gg gg Allele Frequency of G+ Allele Frequency of g= 1
p+q=1
Allele and Genotype frequencies
GG Gg gg
M G g
F
G GG Gg
g Gg gg Allele Frequency of G+ Allele Frequency of g= 1
p+q=1

In a population
p + q = 1
60% 40%
0.6
+ 0.4 = 1
Allele and Genotype frequencies
GG Gg gg
M G g
F
G GG Gg
g Gg gg Hardy-Winberg Equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 = (p+q) (p+q)

where p= Allele frequency of “G”


and q= Allele frequency of “g”

p2 - Genotype frequency of GG


2pq – Genotype frequency of Gg
q2 - Genotype frequency of gg
Allele and Genotype frequencies
GG Gg gg

In a population

(p+q) x (p+q) = 1
p2+2pq+q2 = 1

(0.6)2 +2 (0.6) (0.4)+ (0.4)2

0.36 + 0.48 + 0.16= 1


Hardy- Winberg Equilibrium is applicable to a “Non
Evolving population”

In which the frequencies of alleles, or gene versions,


and genotypes, or sets of alleles, stay the same over
generations
Genetic drift- Random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population. It takes place when
the occurrence of different variants of a gene (alleles), increases and decreases over time. Typically,
genetic drift occurs in small populations, where infrequently occurring alleles face a greater chance of
being lost. Genetic drift can result in the loss of rare alleles and decrease the gene pool. Genetic drift can
cause a new population to be genetically distinct from its original population, which has led to the
hypothesis that genetic drift plays a role in the evolution of new species.
Genetic drift- Random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population. It takes place when
the occurrence of different variants of a gene (alleles), increases and decreases over time. Typically,
genetic drift occurs in small populations, where infrequently occurring alleles face a greater chance of
being lost. Genetic drift can result in the loss of rare alleles and decrease the gene pool. Genetic drift can
cause a new population to be genetically distinct from its original population, which has led to the
hypothesis that genetic drift plays a role in the evolution of new species.
Genetic drift- Random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population. It takes place when
the occurrence of different variants of a gene (alleles), increases and decreases over time. Typically,
genetic drift occurs in small populations, where infrequently occurring alleles face a greater chance of
being lost. Genetic drift can result in the loss of rare alleles and decrease the gene pool. Genetic drift can
cause a new population to be genetically distinct from its original population, which has led to the
hypothesis that genetic drift plays a role in the evolution of new species.
Phenotype Anti-M Serum Anti-N Serum Genotype Number of individuals

M + 0 MM 1787
MN + + MN 3039
N 0 + NN 1303

Total number of M Alleles in the population= 1787 x2 + 3039= 6613

Total number of N Alleles in the population= 1303x 2+ 3039= 5645

Total number of Alleles = Number of individuals x 2= 6129x 2=

Genotype frequency of
Allele frequency of M= 6613/12258 =
Allele Frequency of N= 5645/12258 =
Calculate the genotype frequencies- p2 +2pq+ q2= put the allele frequencies…
and get the answer for each genotype.

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