Workshop V (EI-751)

EIC 7th Sem

Thursday 9:00AM to 12:50PM

Part 2
Communications System

Credit 2
Overview
 Communication systems
 Analog Modulation
 AM
 FM
 Digital Modulation
 ASK
 FSK
 Modems
 Communication systems

Digital

Analog
 Components of a communications system:

 INPUT TRANSDUCER: The device that converts a physical

signal from source to an electrical, mechanical or
electromagnetic signal more suitable for communicating.

 TRANSMITTER: The device that sends the transduced signal.

 TRANSMISSION CHANNEL: The physical medium on which

the signal is carried.

 RECEIVER: The device that recovers the transmitted signal

from the channel.

 OUTPUT TRANSDUCER: The device that converts the

received signal back into a useful quantity.
Analog Modulation
 The purpose of a communication system is to
transmit information signals (baseband signals)
through a communication channel.

 The term BASEBAND is used to designate the

band of frequencies representing the original
signal as delivered by the input transducer .
For example
The voice signal from a microphone is a baseband
signal, and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000
Hz
The “hello” wave is a baseband signal:
Remember the radio spectrum

AM radio FM radio/TV
 MODULATION and DEMODULATION

Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a communication channel

such as air using electromagnetic waves, an appropriate procedure is needed to
shift the range of baseband frequencies to other frequency ranges suitable for
transmission, and a corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after
reception. This is called the process of MODULATION and DEMODULATION

For example:
• An AM radio system transmits electromagnetic waves with frequencies of
around a few hundred kHz (MF band).

•The FM radio system must operate with frequencies in the range of 88-108 MHz
(VHF band).
 MODULATOR

 Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio

frequency range (3 kHz), some form of frequency-band shifting
must be employed for the radio system to operate satisfactorily.

 This process is accomplished by a device called a MODULATOR.

 The transmitter block in any communications system contains

the modulator device .

 The receiver block in any communications system contains the

demodulator device
•The modulator modulates a CARRIER WAVE (the
electromagnetic wave) which has a frequency that is
selected from an appropriate band in the radio spectrum.
For example, the frequency of a carrier wave for FM can be chosen from the
VHF band of the radio spectrum.
For AM, the frequency of the carrier wave may be chosen to be around a
few hundred kHz (from the MF band of the radio spectrum).

•The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal from

the received modulated signal.
 SUMMARY

•Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency

information signal (baseband signal )onto a higher
frequency carrier signal.

•Modulation is done to bring information signals up to the

Radio Frequency (or higher) signal.
Basic analog communications system
Baseband signal
EM waves (modulated
(electrical signal) Transmitter signal)

Input Transmission
transducer Modulator
Channel

EM waves (modulated
Carrier signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal) Receiver

Output
Demodulator
transducer
Types of Analog Modulation

1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation is the process of
varying the amplitude of a carrier wave
in proportion to the amplitude of a
baseband signal. The frequency of the
carrier remains constant.
 2.Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency modulation is the process of

varying the frequency of a carrier wave
in proportion to the amplitude of a
baseband signal. The amplitude of the
carrier remains constant.
3. Phase Modulation (PM)
Type of modulation in which phase of carrier is
varied in accordance with the amplitude of
modulating signal while keeping all its other
variable constant like amplitude and frequency.
 Pulse Modulation techniques
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Type of modulation in which amplitude of
pulse is varied in accordance with the
amplitude of modulating signal.
Pulse Width Modulation
Type of modulation in which width of pulse is
varied in accordance with the amplitude of
modulating signal.
Pulse Position Modulation
Type of modulation in which position of
pulse is varied while width is kept constant,
in accordance with the amplitude of
baseband/modulating signal.
Amplitude Modulation

Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Modulated wave

Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Frequency Modulation

Carrier wave

Small amplitude: Large amplitude:

Baseband signal high frequency
low frequency

Modulated wave
Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
AM vs. FM
 AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy
to generate.
 It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all
short wave broadcasting.
 The area of coverage of AM is greater than
FM (longer wavelengths (lower frequencies)
 However, it is quite inefficient, and is
susceptible to static and other forms of
electrical noise.
 FREQUENCY MODULATION
 The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and
immunity to noise. Most forms of static and
electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM
receiver will not respond to AM signals.
 The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the
frequency deviation increases (deviation from the
center frequency), which is why FM broadcast
stations use such large deviation.
 The main disadvantage of FM is the larger
bandwidth it requires.
 Digital Modulation
 The previous section presented analog
communication systems that transmit
information in analog form using Amplitude or
Frequency modulation
 Digital communication systems also employ
modulation techniques, some of which include:
 Amplitude Shift Keying

 Frequency Shift Keying

 Phase Shift Keying

 Pulse Code Modulation

 Basic digital communications system
Transmitter EM waves (modulated
Digital signal
signal)
Analog signal

correction
converter
Transmission

coding
Input Modulator

Error
transducer A/D Channel

Carrier EM waves
Receiver (modulated signal)
analog signal digital signal

correction
detection/
converter

Output Error Demodulator

transducer
D/A
 Some Types of Digital Modulation
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the

process of switching the carrier either on or off,
in correspondence to a sequence of digital
pulses that constitute the information signal.
One binary digit is represented by the presence
of a carrier, the other binary digit is represented
by the absence of a carrier. Frequency remains
fixed .
 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of

varying the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of
two frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a
sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information
signal. Two binary digits are represented by two
frequencies around the carrier frequency, Amplitude
remains fixed.
 PHASE SHIFT KEYING(PSK)
The most basic (binary) form of PSK involves
the process of varying the phase of a
carrier wave by choosing one of two phases
(binary PSK) in correspondence to a
sequence of digital pulses that constitute
the information signal. Two binary digits
are represented by two phases around the
carrier frequency, Amplitude remains fixed.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Digital 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
information

Carrier wave

ASK
modulated
signal

Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Carrier present Carrier absent
 Frequency Shift Keying
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Digital
information

Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal

Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
Modems
 Modems are devices used to enable the transfer of data over the public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
 The name modem comes from the name Modulator- Demodulator which
describes the function the modem performs to transfer digital information over
an analog network
 The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data. Primarily used to communicate via telephone
lines, modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals
 There are many kinds of modems available today:
 Internal modem:
 A modem card in your computer that is integrated within the system
 Less expensive than external modems
 Disadvantage is that you need to access inside the computer to replace the
modem
 External modem
 A device that connects externally to your computer through a serial port
 External power supply does not drain power from the computer
 Modem activity can easily be observed
 More expensive than an internal modem
Source: http://Wikipedia.com
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