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Introduction To Database: UCT - Mogadishu, Somalia

This document provides an introduction to SQL, including aggregate functions like COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN, and SUM. It also discusses scalar functions such as UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTRING, LEN, and ROUND. Finally, it covers the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, explaining that GROUP BY is used with aggregate functions to group result sets by columns, while HAVING filters those groups.

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ahmed
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59 views14 pages

Introduction To Database: UCT - Mogadishu, Somalia

This document provides an introduction to SQL, including aggregate functions like COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN, and SUM. It also discusses scalar functions such as UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTRING, LEN, and ROUND. Finally, it covers the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses, explaining that GROUP BY is used with aggregate functions to group result sets by columns, while HAVING filters those groups.

Uploaded by

ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Database

UCT – Mogadishu, Somalia


Introduction to SQL

SQL Functions
Introduction to SQL

 Aggregate Functions
 Scalar Functions
 Group By
 Having
Introduction to SQL

 Aggregate Functions
 The AVG() function returns the average
value of a numeric column.

SELECT AVG(PPRICE) AS CELCELIS FROM PLOT;


Introduction to SQL

 Aggregate Functions
 The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that
matches a specified criteria.
 SQL COUNT(column_name) Syntax
 The COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of values
(NULL values will not be counted) of the specified column

 SQL COUNT(*) Syntax


 The COUNT(*) function returns the number of records in a table
Introduction to SQL

 Aggregate Functions
 SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) Syntax
 The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) function returns the
number of distinct values of the specified column:
Introduction to SQL

 Aggregate Functions
 SQL FIRST() Syntax
 SELECT TOP 1 * FROM MPS;
 SQL LAST() Syntax
 SELECT TOP 1 * FROM MPS ORDER BY MPID DESC;
 SQL Max() Syntax
 SELECT Max(Pprice) FROM Plot;
 SQL Min() Syntax
 SELECT Min(Pprice) FROM Plot;

 SQL Sum() Syntax


 SELECT Min(Pprice) FROM Plot;
Introduction to SQL

 Aggregate Functions
 SQL Sum() Syntax
 The SUM() function returns the total sum of
a numeric column.
Select Sum(Pprice) from Plot
Introduction to SQL

 Scalar Functions
 UPPER Function
 The UPPER function converts the value of a
field to uppercase.
Select Upper(MpName) from Mps;
 LOWER Function
 The LOWER function converts the value of a
field to lowercase.
Select Lower(MpName) from Mps;
Introduction to SQL

 Scalar Functions
 SubString Function
 he SubString function is used to extract
characters from a text field

SELECT SUBSTRING(column_name,start,length)
AS some_name FROM table_name;

SELECT SUBSTRING(CLANNAME,0,5) FROM CLAN


Introduction to SQL

 Scalar Functions
 LEN Function
 The LEN() function returns the length of the
value in a text field

SELECT LEN(column_name) AS some_name FROM


table_name;

SELECT LEN(CLANNAME) FROM CLAN


Introduction to SQL

 Scalar Functions
 Round Function
 The Round() function is used to round a
numeric field to the number of decimals
specified.

SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM


table_name;

SELECT Round(Pprice,2) FROM PLOT;


Introduction to SQL

 SQL GROUP BY Statement


 Aggregate functions often need an added GROUP BY
statement.
 The GROUP BY statement is used in conjunction with
the aggregate functions to group the result-set by one
or more columns.
SELECT COUNT(*), PLOCATION FROM PLOT GROUP BY PLOCATION;
Introduction to SQL

 SQL HAVING BY Statement


 The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE
keyword could not be used with aggregate functions..
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);

SELECT PLOCATION FROM PLOT GROUP BY PLOCATION HAVING PPRICE


> 30000;

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