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Code Switcing

Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in a conversation. It involves borrowing words from one language into another or mixing elements of multiple languages. Code switching is common among multilingual communities and can serve social purposes by indexing identities. It typically follows the syntax of each language and occurs at sentence or clause boundaries rather than within words. Creoles develop from code switching becoming the primary language for children.

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Ifah Aaifah
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46 views

Code Switcing

Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in a conversation. It involves borrowing words from one language into another or mixing elements of multiple languages. Code switching is common among multilingual communities and can serve social purposes by indexing identities. It typically follows the syntax of each language and occurs at sentence or clause boundaries rather than within words. Creoles develop from code switching becoming the primary language for children.

Uploaded by

Ifah Aaifah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CODE/ CODE SWITCHING

code-switching is the concurrent use of


more than one language, or language
variety, in conversation.
 code-switching is the use of more than
one linguistic variety in a manner
consistent with the syntax and
phonology of each variety.
Multilinguals - people who speak more
than one language - sometimes use
elements of multiple languages in
conversing with each other.
A loanword (or loan word) is a word
borrowed from one language and
incorporated into another.
A calque or loan translation is a related
concept where the meaning or idiom is
borrowed rather than the lexical item
itself..
A pidgin
A pidgin ( /ˈpɪdʒɪn/), or pidgin language, is a
simplified language that develops as a means of
communication between two or more groups that
do not have a language in common
. A pidgin is not the native language of any
speech community, but is instead learned as a
second language. A pidgin may be built from
words, sounds, or body language from multiple
other languages and cultures. Pidgins usually
have low prestige with respect to other languages.
A Creole
is a stable natural language developed from
the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ
from pidgins in that they have been nativized
by children as their primary language, making
them have features of natural languages that
are normally missing from pidgins.
The vocabulary of a creole language consists
of cognates from the parent languages, though
there are often clear phonetic and semantic
shifts.
Language transfer
Language transfer (language
interference) refers to speakers or writers
applying knowledge from their native
language to a second language.
Code mixing
Code mixing is a thematically related
term, but the usage of the terms code-
switching and code-mixing varies. Some
scholars use either term to denote the same
practice, while others apply code-mixing to
denote the formal linguistic properties of
said language-contact phenomena, and
code-switching to denote the actual,
spoken usages by multilingual persons.
Social motivations for code-switching

Code-switching relates to, and sometimes


indexes social-group membership in
bilingual and multilingual communities.
Some sociolinguists describe the
relationships between code-switching
behaviors and class, ethnicity, and other
social positions. In addition, scholars in
interactional linguistics and conversation
analysis have studied code-switching as a
means of structuring talk in interaction.
diglossia
, diglossia ( /daɪˈɡlɒsiə/; two languages) refers
to a situation in which two dialects or
languages are used by a single language
community. In addition to the community's
everyday or vernacular language variety
(labeled "L" or "low" variety), a second, highly
codified variety (labeled "H" or "high") is used
in certain situations such as literature, formal
education, or other specific settings, but not
used for ordinary conversation
Convergence
Convergence - is a type of contact-
induced change whereby languages with
many bilingual speakers mutually borrow
morphological and syntactic features,
making their typology more similar.
Mechanics of code-switching

Mechanics of code-switching
Code-switching mostly occurs where the
syntaxes of the languages align in a sentence;
thus, it is uncommon to switch from English
to French after an adjective and before a
noun, because, in French, adjectives usually
follow nouns. Even unrelated languages
often align syntactically at a relative clause
boundary or at the boundary of other
sentence sub-structures.
Borrowing / code-switching;
the difference between borrowing
(loanword usage) and code-switching;
generally, borrowing occurs in the
lexicon, while code-switching occurs at
either the syntax level or the utterance-
construction level.
Some proposed constraints are
The Free-morpheme Constraint: code-switching cannot occur between bound
morphemes.
The Equivalence Constraint: code-switching can occur only in positions
where "the order of any two sentence elements, one before and one after the
switch, is not excluded in either language." Thus, the sentence: "I like you
porque eres simpático." ("I like you because you are nice.") is allowed
because it obeys the relative clause formation rules of Spanish and English.
The Closed-class Constraint: closed class items (pronouns, prepositions,
conjunctions, etc.), cannot be switched.
The Matrix Language Frame model distinguishes the roles of the participant
languages
The Functional Head Constraint: code-switching cannot occur between a
functional head (a complementizer, a determiner, an inflection, etc.) and its
complement (sentence, noun-phrase, verb-phrase).
Types of switching

Scholars use different names for various types of code-


switching.
Intersentential switching occurs outside the sentence or
the clause level (i.e. at sentence or clause boundaries).
[27] It is sometimes called "extrasentential" switching.
Intra-sentential switching occurs within a sentence or a
clause.
Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a
word, or both, from language-B to language-A,
(common intra-sentential switches)
Intra-word switching occurs within a word, itself, such
as at a morpheme boundary.

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