Lecture 1

NGOs: Concepts and Key Issues

Mohammad Faisal Akber

Lecturer
Department of Development Studies
Daffodil International University
 Name of the Course

DEV-604
NGOs and Development
 Objectives of the Course
 The course is designed to give the students an exposure to
the experiences of NGOs in promoting development and
to help them acquire the professional competencies with
proactive knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for
social development and justice.  

 It will equip students with a sound understanding of the

issues facing NGOs and an opportunity to reflect on the
impact and implications of the management and
organizational challenges of the 21st century.

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 Contents of the Course
 NGOs: Concepts and Key Issues
 Alternative Development: Role of NGOs
 The Contribution of NGOs in Social Change
 NGOs in education sector development
 NGOs in Health Sector Development
 NGOs in Environment
 Women Empowerment and NGOs
 Microfinance and Development
 NGOs Governance
 Management and Regulation of NGOs in Bangladesh
 Contemporary Debates and Issues
 GO-NGO Collaboration for Development
 Key Objectives of Today’s Class
 Understanding the definitions of NGOs
 Identifying the crucial characteristics of NGOs
 Conceptualizing the “Generations” of NGOs
 Develop an understanding of the classification of NGOs
 Understanding why NGOs emerged on the canvas of
development
 Perceiving the relationship between NGOs and Development

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 What is an NGO?
“An NGO is an agency that is primarily engaged in work
relating to the areas of development or humanitarian
work at local, national and international levels.”
- Lewis & Kanji (2009)

 Vakil (1997) argues that “NGOs are self-governing,

private, not for profit organizations that are geared to
improving the quality of life for disadvantaged people.”

 Charnovitz (1997) argues that “NGOs are groups of

individuals organized for the myriad of reasons that
engage human imagination and aspiration”
 Key Characteristics of NGOs
As third sector organizations, NGOs have five key
characteristics –
Formal: The organization has institutionalized presence
and formal representation
Private: The Organization is institutionally separate from
government
Non-profit distributing: Owners or directors don’t receive
any financial surplus
Self-governing: The organization is able to control and
manage its own affairs
Voluntary: Some degree of voluntary participation
 Categories of NGOs
Operational NGOs: primary purpose is the design and
implementation of development related projects (e.g.
Oxfam International, Human Rights Watch).

Advocacy NGOs: primary purpose is to defend or promote a

specific cause. These kind of NGOs also try to influence the
policies and practices of countries (e.g. Oxfam International,
Human Rights Watch).

Humanitarian NGOs: primary purpose is to provide aid in

disaster areas and alleviate suffering from poverty and
disease (e.g. Oxfam International, Human Rights Watch).
 Types of NGOs: By Orientation
Charitable Orientation: distribution of food, clothing or
medicine, provision of housing, transport, schools etc.

Service Orientation: Provision of health, family planning or

education services in which programs are designed by the NGO

Participatory Orientation: Self-help projects where local

people are involved; particularly in the implementation of a
project by contributing cash, tools, lands, materials, labor etc.

Empowering Orientation: The aim is to help poor people

develop a clearer understanding of the social, political and
economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their
awareness of their own potential power to control their lives.
 Types of NGOs: By Operation
 Community-based Organizations: Sports Clubs,
Women’s Organizations, religious or educational
organizations etc.
 Citywide Organizations: Rotary or Lion’s Club,
coalitions of businesses, ethnic or educational groups
etc.
 National NGOs: BELA, BAPA, SHUJAN etc.
 International NGOs: Save the children, Oxfam, Care,
JICA etc.
NGOs Action Process

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NGOs Action Process vs Expectation

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 Interesting Terms

Northern
NGO

Southern
NGO
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 Generations of NGOs
First Second Third Fourth
(Relief and (Community (Sustainable Systems (People’s
Welfare) Development) Development) Movements)

Problem Shortage Local Inertia Institutional and Inadequate

Definition Policy Constraints mobilizing vision

Timeframe Immediate Project life 10-20 years Indefinite Future

Scope Individual or Neighborhood Region or nation National or global

family or village
Main NGO NGO plus All relevant public Loosely defined
Actors Community and private networks of
institutions people and
organizations

NGO role Doer Mobilizer Catalyst Activist/educator

Source: Korten, D. C. (1990). Getting to the 21st century: Voluntary action and the global agenda. Kumarian Press.
 What Do NGOs Do?

Implementers
Catalysts
Partners
NGOs as Implementers and Partners
Implementers Partners
 As implementers, NGOs mobilize  As partners, NGOs are
resources to provide goods and working with governments,
services to people who need them.
donors and the private sector
on joint activities.
 Healthcare, microfinance, agricultural
extension, emergency relief and  ‘Capacity building work’ is
human rights – are only a few of the also done by NGOs as
huge activities NGOs carry out. partners.
 Within the last two decades, NGOs  The concept of “partnership”
have been increasingly “contracted” creates a crucial challenge for
by governments NGOs to establish mutually
and donors. beneficial relationships.
Source: Lewis, D., & Kanji, N. Non-governmental organizations and development. Routledge
 NGOs as Catalysts
 As catalysts, NGOs can inspire, facilitate or contribute to
improved thinking and action to promote change.
 Individuals or groups in local communities, government,
business or donors can be benefitted from an NGO’s role
as a catalyst.
 As catalysts, NGOs carry out diverse activities like –
grassroots organizing and group formation, gender and
empowerment work, lobbying and advocacy work,
undertaking and disseminating research etc.

Source: Lewis, D., & Kanji, N. (2009). Non-governmental organizations and development. Routledge.
NGOs as Catalyst
 What is Development?
The use of the term development to refer to economic growth. It is a
both physical reality and a state of mind in which society has, through
some combination of social, economic and institutional processes,
secured the means for obtaining a better life.
Tayebwa told that “development is a broad term which should not be
limited to mean economic development, economic welfare or material
wellbeing as per, development in general includes improvements in
economic, social and political aspects of whole society like security,
culture, social activities and political institutions.”[Tayebwa, B.M (1992),
Basic economics: the economic problem, Kampala STA ]
Rogers told that “development is a long participatory process of social
change in the society whose objective is the material and social
progress for the majority of population through a better understanding
of their environment.” [Rogers, R. (1990), Development of a new
classificatory model of malingering. Bulletin of American Acad. of
 NGOs and Development
 In 1980s, NGOs appealed to different sections of the development
Community for different reasons.
 Some Western donors were frustrated with bureaucratic and
ineffective government-to-government, project based aid system.
 NGOs were capable of providing an alternative and more flexible
funding channel.
 Higher chance of local level implementation and grassroots
participation were expected
 NGOs recognized the centrality of people in development policies.
 NGOs were expected to have comparative advantages over
government and public sector.
 Since NGOs were more locally rooted organizations, they were
expected to promote local participation.
 NGOs and Development
 NGOs were supposed to be closer to marginalized people than
government officials.
 Government agencies faced resource shortages and their decision
making process was manipulated by the elites.
 Due to their use of voluntary community input, NGOs were
expected to operate at a lower cost.
 NGOs possess the scope to experiment and innovate with
alternative ideas and approaches to development.
 NGOs were bringing a set of new and progressive development
agendas of participation, gender, environment and empowerment.
 As part of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs), NGOs were
perceived as a cost-effective and efficient alternative to public
sector service delivery.
 NGOs and Development
 From the late 1970s, World Bank and the IMF provided loans to
governments on one condition – Structural Adjustment.
 Under Structural Adjustment, govt. had to reduce the role of the
state in running of the economy and social sectors.
 Governments had to open up the economy to foreign investment
and to reduce barriers to trade.
 After the ending of the Cold War, international donor community
was backing a new policy agenda of “good governance”.
 “Good Governance” perceive development outcomes as emerging
from a balanced relationship between government, market and
third sector.
 NGOs became a part of “Good Governance” concept as an emerging
civil society.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
In 2015, The UN General Assembly adopted a new development
agenda for the period 2016-2030 that includes a set of goals.
 References
 Lewis, D., & Kanji, N. (2009). Non-governmental organizations and
development. Routledge.
 Vakil, A. C. (1997). Confronting the classification problem: Toward a
taxonomy of NGOs. World development, 25(12), 2057-2070.
 Charnovitz, S. (1997). Two centuries of participation: NGOs and
international governance. Mich. J. Int'l L., 18, 183.
 Begum, A. (2003). Government NGO Interface in Development
Management, AHDP.
 Fisher, Julie. (1998) Non-Governments-NGOs and the Political
Development of the Third World. Kamaria Press.       
 Fowler, A. (1999) Striking a Balance. Earthscan Publications Ltd. 
 Lovell, Catherine H. (1992) Breaking the Cycle of Poverty: The BRAC
Strategy. University Press Ltd.   
Any Question?

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