DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Prepared by : Eng. Mohammad Al-Nairat

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  Unit step function (Continuous time):
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  Unit step function (Discrete time):

, Where n is integer

, Where n is integer
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  signum (sgn) function (Continuous time):
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  signum (sgn) function (Discrete time):
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  Unit Impulse function (Continuous time):

,
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  Unit Impulse train function (Continuous time):
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  Unit Impulse function (Discrete time):

, , Where n is integer
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  Unit Impulse train function (Discrete time):
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Unit impulse function properties:
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 Continuous and Discrete time operations
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  Rectangular (rect) function (Continuous time):
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  Rectangular (rect) function (Discrete time):
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  Sinc function :
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  Convolution (Continuous time):
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  Convolution (Discrete time):
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 Convolution with unit impulse function:

Continuous-time Discrete-time
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 Fourier transforms:

Continuous-time Discrete-time
(Fourier transform) (Discrete Fourier transform)

Where
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 Inverse Fourier transforms:

Continuous-time Discrete-time
(Inverse Fourier transform) (Inverse Discrete Fourier transform)

Where
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Fourier transform properties:
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Fourier transform pairs:
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Fourier transform pairs:
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 Deterministic signals:

 Periodic and Non-periodic signals:

• A signals is periodic if it satisfy the condition:

Where is the fundamental period.

 A signals is not periodic if it does not satisfy the above condition

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 Energy and power signals signals:

o Energy signals:

• Energy signals contains finite energy and zero average power.

• Energy signals generally include non-periodic signals that have a finite time duration

• In general the energy in a signal is given by:

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 Energy and power signals signals:

o Power signals:

• Power signal has finite average power but infinite energy.

• The step function, the signum function, and periodic functions that meet the Dirichlet conditions

are power signals.

• In general the power of a signal is given by:

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 Spectral Density:

• The spectral density of a signal characterizes the distribution of the signal’s energy or power in

the frequency domain

o Energy spectral density:

• Using Parseval’s theorem , we can relate the energy in the time domain to the energy in the

frequency domain by:

• Energy spectral density describes the signal energy per unit bandwidth measured in joules
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o Power spectral density:

• The power spectral density formula is given by:

• The average power in terms of the PSD is given by:

• For periodic signals, the average power can be determined from the Fourier series by:
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o Power spectral density:

• The power spectral density for periodic signals is given by:

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 Autocorrelation of energy signals:

• Correlation is a matching process.

• Autocorrelation referred to the matching of a signal with the delayed version of it self.

• The autocorrelation function of a real valued energy signal is given by:

• The autocorrelation function provides a measure of how closely the signal match a copy of itself

as the copy shifted by units in time.

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 Autocorrelation of energy signals:

• The autocorrelation function of real valued energy signal has the following properties:
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 Autocorrelation of a periodic (power) signals:

• The autocorrelation function of a real valued power signal is given by:

• For a single period , the auto correlation function can be given by:
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 Autocorrelation of energy signals:

• The autocorrelation function of real valued periodic (power) signal has the following

properties:
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 Random signals:
 Random variables:

• Let a RV represent the function relation between a random event and a real number.

• The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the RV is given by:

• The CDF has the following properties:

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 Random variables:

• The probability density function (PDF) of the RV is given by:

• For the case where , then the PDF is given by

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 Random variables:

• The probability that a RV has a value in some narrow range between and , can be approximated

as:

• The PDF has the following properties:

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• The mean value or the expected value of a RV is defined by:

• The nth moment of a RV is defined by:

• The second moment () is the mean-square value of a RV is defined by:

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• The nth central moment of a RV is defined by:

• The second central moment (n=2) is the variance of a RV is defined by:

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 Random processes:

• A RP can be viewed as a function of two variables: an event and time

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 Random processes:

• Because the value of the a RP at any future time is unknown (since the identity of the event is

unknown), a RP whose distribution function are continuous can be described statistically with a
probability function (PDF).
• The mean value of the RP is defined by:

• The autocorrelation function of the RP to be a function of two variables, and given by:

• The autocorrelation function is a measure of the degree to which two time samples of the same RP
are related.
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• A RP is said to be stationary in the strict sense if non of its statistics are affected by the shift in the

time origin.

• A RP is said to be a wide-sense stationary (WSS) if two of its statics (mean and autocorrelation) do

not vary with a shift in the time origin. Thus, a process is WSS if:

And

• The autocorrelation function of a WSS process is a function of a time difference and is given by:
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• In other word gives us an idea of the frequency response that is associated with a RP.

• If changes slowly as increases from zero to some value, it indicates that, on average sample values of

taken at and are nearly the same.

• The properties of autocorrelation function of real-valued WSS process are as follows:

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 PSD and autocorrelation of a RP:

• The PSD of a RP describes the distribution of a signal’s power in the frequency domain.

• The properties of the PSD of a RP are:

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 Noise in communication systems:

• The term noise refers to unwanted electrical signals that are always represent in electrical systems.

• It limits the receiver’s ability to make correct symbol decisions, and thereby limits the rate of

information transmission.

• Good engineering design can eliminate much of the noise or its undesirable effects through

filtering, the choice of modulation and the selection of an optimum receiver site.

• However, there is one natural source of noise, called thermal or Johnson noise, that cannot be

eliminated.
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 Noise in communication systems:

• We can describe thermal noise as zero-mean Gaussian RP.

• The Gaussian PDF is given by:

• We will often represent a random signal as the sum of a Gaussian noise RV and a DC signal. That is:

• Where is the random signal, is the dc component, and is the Gaussian noise RV
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• The pdf is then expressed as:

• The primary characteristic of thermal noise is that its PSD is the same for all frequencies.

• In other words a thermal noise source emanates an equal amount of noise power per unit BW at all

frequencies from dc to about 1012 Hz

• A simple model for thermal noise assumes that its PSD is flat for all frequencies and is denoted as:
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•  When the noise power has such uniform spectral density we refer it as white noise.

• The autocorrelation of the white noise is given by the inverse Fourier transform as follows:

• The average power of white noise is infinite because its BW is infinite. That is: