Distributed Systems

CS 15-440

Remote Procedure Calls- Part I

Lecture 4, September 04, 2019

Mohammad Hammoud
 Today…
 Last Session:
 Networking- Part II
 Networking Principles: Encapsulation, Routing, and Congestion Control

 Today’s Session:
 Remote Procedure Calls- Part I
 Sockets
 Remote Invocations

 Announcements:
 Project I will be out tomorrow; it is due on October 02
 PS1 is due on September 09
Communicating Entities in Distributed Systems

• Communicating entities in distributed systems can be classified into

two types:
• System-oriented entities
• Processes
• Threads
• Nodes

• Problem-oriented entities
• Objects (in object-oriented programming based approaches)

How can entities in distributed systems communicate?

 Communication Paradigms

• Communication paradigms describe and classify a set of methods by

which entities can interact and exchange data
 Classification of Communication
Paradigms
• Communication paradigms can be categorized into three types based on where
the entities reside. If entities are running on:

1. Same Address-Space
Global variables, Procedure calls, …

Today, we will study how

2. Same Computer but entities that reside on
Different Address-Spaces networked computers
Files, Signals, Shared Memory… communicate in distributed
systems using socket
communication and remote
3. Networked Computers invocation
• Socket
Communication
• Remote Invocation
 Middleware Layers

Applications, Services

Remote Invocation
Middleware
Layers
IPC Primitives (e.g., Sockets)

Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)

Network Layer (IP)

Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer

6
 UDP Sockets
• UDP provides connectionless communication, with no acknowledgements or message
retransmissions

• Communication mechanism:
• Server opens a UDP socket SS at a known port sp,
• Socket SS waits to receive a request
• Client opens a UDP socket CS at a random port cx
• Client socket CS sends a message to ServerIP and port sp
• Server socket SS may send back data to CS
Client SS.receive(recvPacket) Server
No ACK will be
CS CS.Send(msg, ServerIP, sp) SS sent by the
receiver
cx sp

SS.Send(msg, recvPacket.IP, recvPacket.port)

H
= Host computer H S = Socket S n = Port n
 UDP– Design Considerations

• Sender must explicitly fragment a long message into smaller chunks before
transmission
• A maximum size of 548 bytes is suggested for transmission

• Messages may be delivered out-of-order

• If necessary, programmer must re-order packets

• Communication is not reliable

• Messages might be dropped due to check-sum errors or buffer overflows at routers

• Receiver should allocate a buffer that is big enough to fit the sender’s message
• Otherwise the message will be truncated
 TCP Sockets
• TCP provides in-order delivery, reliability, and congestion control

• Communication mechanism:
• Server opens a TCP server socket SS at a known port sp
• Server waits to receive a request (using accept call)
• Client opens a TCP socket CS at a random port cx
• CS initiates a connection initiation message to ServerIP and port sp
• Server socket SS allocates a new socket NSS on random port nsp for the client
• CS can send data to NSS
nSS = SS.accept()
Client Server
Shall I send?
SS
sp
CS
e t y o u r tra nsm ission port to n sp
OK. S CS.Send(msg)
cx
TCP fragments th nSS
e message & tra
data; receiver AC nsmits nsp
Ks receptions
 Main Advantages of TCP

• TCP ensures in-order delivery of messages

• Applications can send messages of any size

• TCP ensures reliable communication via using acknowledgements and

retransmissions

• Congestion control of TCP regulates sender rate, and thus prevents

network overload
 Middleware Layers

Applications, Services

Middleware
Layers
Remote Invocation

IPC Primitives (e.g., Sockets)

Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)

Network Layer (IP)

Data-Link Layer

Physical Layer

11
 Remote Invocation
• Remote invocation enables an entity to call a procedure that typically executes on
an another computer without the programmer explicitly coding the details of
communication
• The underlying middleware will take care of raw-communication
• Programmer can transparently communicate with remote entity

• We will study two types of remote invocations:

a.Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
b.Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
• RPC enables a sender to communicate with a receiver using a simple
procedure call
• No communication or message-passing is visible to the programmer

• Basic RPC Approach:

Machine A – Client Machine B – Server
Client Communication Communication Server
Program Module Module Procedure

Request int add(int

…
add(a,b) x, int y) {
return
;
x+y;
… Response }
Client process Server process
Client Server Stub
Stub (Skeleton)
 Client Stub
• The client stub:
• Gets invoked by user code as a local procedure

• Packs (or serializes or marshals) parameters into a request packet (say,

request-pkt)

• Invokes a client side transport routine (e.g., makerpc(request-pkt, &reply-pkt))

• Unpacks (or de-serializes or unmarshals) reply-pkt into output parameters

• Returns to user code

 Server Stub
• The server stub:
• Gets invoked after a server side transport routine (e.g., getrequest()) is
returned

• Unmarshals arguments, de-multiplexes opcode, and invokes local server code

• Marshals arguments, invokes a server-side transport routine (e.g.,

sendresponse()), and returns to server loop
• E.g., Typical server main loop:
while (1) {
get-request (&p); /* blocking call */
execute-request (p); /* demux based on opcode */
}
 Challenges in RPC

• Parameter passing via marshaling

• Procedure parameters and results have to be transferred over the
network as bits

• Data representation
• Data representation has to be uniform
• Architecture of the sender and receiver machines may differ

• Failure Independence
• Client and server might fail independently
 Challenges in RPC

• Parameter passing via marshaling

• Procedure parameters and results have to be transferred over the
network as bits

• Data representation
• Data representation has to be uniform
• Architecture of the sender and receiver machines may differ

• Failure Independence
• Client and server might fail independently
 Parameter Passing via Marshaling

• Packing parameters into a message that will be transmitted over the

network is called parameter marshalling

• The parameters to the procedure and the result have to be marshaled

before transmitting them over the network

• Two types of parameters can be passed:

1. Value parameters
2. Reference parameters
 1. Passing Value Parameters

• Value parameters have complete information about the variable, and

can be directly encoded into the message
• E.g., integer, float, character

• Values are passed through call-by-value

• The changes made by the callee procedure are not reflected in the caller
procedure
 2. Passing Reference Parameters

• Passing reference parameters like value parameters in RPC leads to incorrect

results due to two reasons:

a. Invalidity of reference parameters at the server

• Reference parameters are valid only within client’s address space
• Solution: Pass the reference parameter by copying the data that is referenced

b. Changes to reference parameters are not reflected back at the client

• Solution: “Copy/Restore” the data
• Copy the data that is referenced by the parameter
• Copy-back the value at server to the client
 Challenges in RPC

• Parameter passing via marshaling

• Procedure parameters and results have to be transferred over the
network as bits

• Data representation
• Data representation has to be uniform
• Architecture of the sender and receiver machines may differ

• Failure Independence
• Client and server might fail independently
 Data Representation

• Computers in DSs often have different architectures and operating systems

• The size of the data-type differ
• E.g., A long data-type is 4-bytes in 32-bit Unix, while it is 8-bytes in 64-bit
Unix systems

• The format in which the data is stored differ

• E.g., Intel stores data in little-endian format, while SPARC stores in
big-endian format

• The client and server have to agree on how simple data is represented in
the message
• E.g., Format and size of data-types such as integer, char and float
 Challenges in RPC

• Parameter passing via marshaling

• Procedure parameters and results have to be transferred over the
network as bits

• Data representation
• Data representation has to be uniform
• Architecture of the sender and receiver machines may differ

• Failure Independence
• Client and server might fail independently
 Failure Independence

• In the local case, the client and server live or die together

• In the remote case, the client sees new failure types (more on this
next lecture)
• Network failure
• Server machine crash
• Server process crash

• Thus, failure handling code has to be more thorough (and

essentially more complex)
 Remote Procedure Call Types

• Remote procedure calls can be:

• Synchronous
• Asynchronous (or Deferred Synchronous)
 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous RPCs

• An RPC with strict request-reply blocks the client until the server returns
• Blocking wastes resources at the client

• Asynchronous RPCs are used if the client does not need the result from server
• The server immediately sends an ACK back to the client
• The client continues the execution after an ACK from the server
wait for result client wait for acceptance
Client

return call remote return

call remote procedure from call
from call
procedure
request reply
request accept request
Server server
call local procedure and return results call local procedure
time time
Synchronous RPCs Asynchronous RPCs
 Deferred Synchronous RPCs
• Asynchronous RPC is also useful when a client wants the results, but does not
want to be blocked until the call finishes

• Client uses deferred synchronous RPCs

• Single request-response RPC is split into two RPCs
• First, client triggers an asynchronous RPC on server
• Second, on completion, server calls-back client to deliver the results
wait for acceptance interrupt client
client

return
call remote
from call return acknowledge
procedure
results

request accept request

server
call local procedure time
call client with
asynchronous RPC
 Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

• RMI is similar to RPC, but in a world of distributed objects

• The programmer can use the full expressive power of object-oriented
programming
• RMI not only allows to pass value parameters, but also pass object
references

• In RMI, a calling object can invoke a method on a potentially remote

object
 Remote Objects and Supporting Modules

• In RMI, objects whose methods can be invoked remotely are

known as “remote objects”
• Remote objects implement remote interfaces

• During any method call, the system has to resolve whether the
method is being called on a local or a remote object
• Local calls should be called on a local object
• Remote calls should be called via remote method invocation
• Remote Reference Module is responsible for translating between local and
remote object references
 RMI Control Flow

Machine A – Client Machine B – Server

Communication
Communication
Module
Module

Skeleton and
Proxy Request Dispatcher for
Obj A for B B’s class

Remote Remote
Remote Response Reference Obj B
Reference
Module
Module
 Next class

• Remote Procedure Calls- Part II