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1 April Lecture

The document discusses various multiplexing techniques used in fiber-optic communication systems, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), sub-carrier multiplexing (SCM), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It describes the basic concepts and challenges of each technique, such as cross-talk in WDM, dispersion challenges in TDM, need for high signal-to-noise ratio in SCM, and four-wave mixing issues in OFDM. Components used for multiplexing and demultiplexing such as arrayed waveguide gratings, add-drop multiplexers, and star couplers are also covered.

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Pallavi
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25 views

1 April Lecture

The document discusses various multiplexing techniques used in fiber-optic communication systems, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), sub-carrier multiplexing (SCM), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It describes the basic concepts and challenges of each technique, such as cross-talk in WDM, dispersion challenges in TDM, need for high signal-to-noise ratio in SCM, and four-wave mixing issues in OFDM. Components used for multiplexing and demultiplexing such as arrayed waveguide gratings, add-drop multiplexers, and star couplers are also covered.

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Pallavi
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WDM cont’d

Week 10
Lecture 21: 1 April 2020
Amol Choudhary
Review from last class
• Can put data on multiple wavelengths
• Total bitrate= sum of individual bitrates
• Wide Area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Multiple-access WDM networks
• Optical Filters:
• Fabry Perot
• MZI
• Grating
• SBS – use in MWP
• SOA
Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,
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Demultiplexers and multiplexers
Grating period Reflected angle
• Use gratings to separate wavelengths d(sinqi- sinqm )=ml
• Use MZIs to combine wavelengths Incident angle

• Low crosstalk
• Low insertion loss

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,


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Arrayed Waveguide gratings
• 3 sections: Free propagation region, arrayed
waveguides
• Concept of phased array antennas

https://www.senko.com/technical/pdf/Arrayed%20Waveguide%20Grating.pdf
wikipedia 4
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Add Drop Multiplexers and filters
• Needed for WAN and MAN to add and drop channels
• Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,


Oristel.com
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Star Couplers
• All channels go to each port
• For LANs for example, each user
receives all signals
• Multiple directional couplers
• Twisted fibers

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,


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Wavelength routers
• Star coupler+Mux+Demux
• Cyclic distribution of
wavelengths

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal, 7


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WDM Transmitters
• Integrate the amplifier and AWG and feedback on one chip
• Multiple DFBs on a chip +Mux

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal, 8


This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Performance Issues: heterowavelength X-
talk
• Leakage of power from other channels to a channel
• Filter for mth channel, then power reaching detector is
• Called out-of-band crosstalk and is incoherent in nature Transmission of channel n
• The detected current is
• Cross talk term is maximum when 1 in all channels
• Lets look at eye-closure analysis, Ich needs to be increased by dX to
keep same performance
• Then current at level-1
• Set detection level to
Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,
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This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Homowavelength X-talk
• Due to switching and routing at the same wavelength
• In-band interference for lm

• Coherent in nature
• Power penalty

• Nonlinear Cross-Talk: Raman, Brillouin, FWM, XPM (covered before)


Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,
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This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Time-division Multiplexing
• Same carrier frequency, bitrate B and N channels: total bitrate=NB
• Mux:Laser emits pulses with repetition rate of B with pulse width Tp<TB.
Which is 1/NB
• Separate the output and delay and modulate
• Uses RZ
• Demux:
• XPM-based
• Cascaded Mod-Based
• FWM based
• Challenge: Dispersion as we need very short pulses~1ps
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Sub-carrier Multiplexing
• Multiple RF carriers modulated in the Optical Domain
• Transport multiple CATV signals
• Referred to as radio over fiber
• Analog, needs high SNR

• Hybrid also possible, some channels digital and some analog

• Multi-wavelength SCM
Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal,
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM requires guardbands,
OFDM is more spectrally
efficient
• Uses orthogonal carriers
• Dispersion-tolerant, as
multiple parallel low
bitrate streams transmitted
• Challenges: FWM

http://rfmw.em.keysight.com/wireless/helpfiles/89600b/webhelp/su
bsystems/wlan-ofdm/Content/ofdm_basicprinciplesoverview.htm
Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P Agrawal, Keysight.com
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