LECTURE-7-

GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER
Dr. Asif Raheem
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
• A generation refers to the state of improvement in the product
development process.
• This term is also used in the different advancements of new
computer technology. With each new generation, the circuitry
has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous
generation before it.
• As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and computer
memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
• Each generation of computers is characterized by major
technological development that fundamentally changed the way
computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, and
more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Generations Period
Technology
• Early Period 1000 BC-1940 Many As
describe in previous lecture
• First Generation 1942-1955 Vacuums
Tube
• Second Generation 1955-1964 Transistors
• Third Generation 1964-1975 Integrated
Circuits (ICs)
• Forth Generation Since 1975
Microprocessor/Large Scale Integration
• Fifth Generation Since 1980 Artificial
Intelligence
 • Computers are named so because they make
mathematical computations at fast speeds. As a result,
the history of computing goes back at least 3,000 years
ago, when ancient civilizations were making great
strides in arithmetic and mathematics. The Greeks,

THE Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese, and Persians

were all interested in logic and numerical
EARLY computation.
• The Greeks focused on geometry and rationality, the
DAYS Egyptians on simple addition and subtraction, the
Babylonians on multiplication and division, Indians on
(1,000 B.C. the base-10 Decimal numbering system and concept
of zero, the Chinese on trigonometry, and the Persians
TO 1940) on Algorithmic problem solving.
• These developments carried over into the more
modern centuries, fueling advancements in areas like
astronomy, chemistry, and medicine.
(All other history from abacus to UNIVAC-I describe in
previous Lecture)
FIRST GENERATION (1942 - 1955)
• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms. First generation
computers relied on machine language to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem at
a time. The Mark-I, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I and
ENIAC computers are examples of first generation
computing devices. It was very expensive to operate
and in addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
• Vacuum tubes used to calculate and store
information, these computers were also very hard to
maintain. First generation computers also used
punched cards to store symbolic programming
languages. Most people were indirectly affected by
this first generation of computing machines and knew
little of their existence.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

• ADVANTAGES:
• 1. After long history of computations, the 1G computers are able to process any tasks in milliseconds.
• 2. The hardware designs are functioned and programmed by machine languages (Languages close to machine understanding).
• 3. Vacuum tube technology is very much important which opened the gates of digital world communication.
• DISADVANTAGES:
• 1. Size of that machines are very big
• 2. Required large amount of energy for processing
• 3 Very expensive
• 4. Heat generated and need air conditioning.
• 5. Not portable ( never take from one place to other)
• 6. Comparing with 5G computers, these computers are slow in speed.
• 7. Not reliable
• 8. In order to get proper processing, maintenance is required continuously.
 • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation computer.
• Transistor is a device composed of semiconductor
material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a
circuit. Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have
SECOND become the key ingredient of all digital circuits,
including computers.
GENERATI • Today's latest microprocessor contains tens of
ON (1942 - millions of microscopic transistors.
• Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits
1955) were composed of vacuum tubes, which had many
disadvantages. They were much larger, required more
energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone
to failures. It's safe to say that without the invention
of transistors, computing as we know it today would
not be possible.
• The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late
• 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,
allowing computers to become
• smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation
• predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great
deal of heat that subjected the
• computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube. Second-generation
• computers still relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output
Second-generation Computer Language
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words. High level programming
languages were also being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers
that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a
magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
• The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic
energy industry.
• IMPORTANT MACHINES:
• IBM 7074 series, CDC 164, IBM 1400 Series.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
• ADVANTAGES:
• 1. If we compare it with G1 computer, less expensive and smaller in size.
• 2. Fast in speed
• 3. Less heat generated as G1 computers generate more.
• 4. Need low power consumption
• 5. Language after machine language for programming, in G2 assembly language (COBOL, FORTRON) is introduced
for programming.
• 6. Portable.
• DISADVANTAGES:
• Maintenance of machine is required.
• Air conditioning required still as heat causes to process slowly.
• These computers are not used as personal system.
• Preferably used for commercial purposes
THIRD GENERATION (1964 -
1975)
• The development of the Integrated Circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run
many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory. Computers for
the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
• IMPORTANT MACHINES:
• IBM System/360 & IBM 370, PDP-8, DEC, UNIVAC
1108, UNIVAC 9000.
 • ADVANTAGES:
• 1. Smaller in size
• 2. Low cost then previous
• 3. Low power consumption
ADVANTAGE • 4. Easy to operate
• 5. Portable
S& • 6. Input devices introduced and that make user
DISADVANTA easy to interact with it like keyboard, mouse
etc
GES • 7. External Storage medium introduced like
floppy & tape.
• DISADVANTAGES:
• 1. IC chips are still difficult to maintain
• 2.Need complex technology.
FOURTH GENERATION (1975
ONWARDS)
• The Microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire
room could now fit in the palm of the hand.
• The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing unit
and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and
in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also
moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many
areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be
linked together to form networks , which eventually led to the
development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also
saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
• IMPORTANT MACHINES:
• Intel processors, AMD processor based machines
 ADVANTAGES
• 1. Smaller in size
• 2. High processing speed
• 3. Very reliable
• 4. For general purpose
• 5. More external storage mediums are introduced like CD-
ROM, DVD-ROM.
• 6. GUIs developed for interaction
FIFTTH GENERATION (1980 ONWARDS)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial

Intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today.

The use of parallel processing and superconductors is

helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology will
radically change the face of computers in years to come.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop

devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization
 PROPERTIES
• IMPORTANT MACHINES:
• ULAIC Technologies, Artificial intelligence etc
• PROPERTIES
• 1. Program independent
• 2. Have thinking and analysis by its own
• 3. Voice reorganization & biometric devices
• 4. Self organization and learning
Fifth generation (2010 to present)

The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial

intelligence), an exciting technology that has many potential applications
around the world. Leaps have been made in AI technology and computers,
but there is still room for much improvement.

One of the more well-known examples of AI in computers is IBM's

Watson, which has been featured on the TV show Jeopardy as a
contestant. Other better-known examples include Apple's Siri on the
iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10
computers. The Google search engine also utilizes AI to process user
searches.
The Sixth Generation of Computer

Not only does the technology improve, but the price decreases as the
technology improves. The sixth generation of computer provided consumers
with the opportunity to have more power on a smaller footprint. The sixth
generation also introduced voice recognition. Improved technology allows
the computer to take dictation and recognize words. Computers have the
ability to learn via a variety of advanced algorithms.

The use of nanotechnology is a characteristic of sixth generation computers.

This significantly increases the processing time of the computer and help
consumers. Computers with multiple CPUs can perform sophisticated
calculations and multitask. When a single CPU can perform multiple tasks at
once, this is considered multi-tasking.
7 Generations
th

As for your question of what the 7th gen, You are

more than likely referring to the Central
Processing Unit(CPU) core developed by Intel
and released in 2008. This Core is what is now
the i3, i5, i7 lines and is currently in it’s 9th
generation, BUT intel has been making CPU’s for
much longer.
Eighth-Generation (64-Bit Register) Processors

in 2001, Intel introduced the first 64-bit processor for servers—

the Itanium—followed in 2002 by the improved Itanium 2. In
2003, AMD introduced the first 64-bit processor for x86-
compatible desktop computers—the Athlon 64—followed by its
first 64-bit server processor, the Opteron. In 2004, Intel
introduced a series of 64-bit–enabled versions of its Pentium 4
desktop processor. Then in 2005, Intel introduced 64-bit
versions of its Xeon workstation and server processors and new
64-bit desktop processors—the Pentium Extreme Edition and
dual-core Pentium D.
 9th Gen Intel® Core™ desktop processors
Introducing the NEW 9th Gen Intel® Core™ desktop processors - the most powerful generation of
Intel® Core™ desktop processors.

The 9th Gen Intel® Core™ processor takes mainstream desktop PC performance to a whole new
level. At the top of the stack, our mainstream flagship, the new i9-9900K. The first Intel® Core™
i9 desktop processor for the mainstream users. Best in class, the i9-9900K with 16MB of
cache1 and Intel® Turbo Boost 2.0 technology cranks maximum turbo frequency up to blazing 5.0
GHz. Throw in high performing 16-way multitasking support powered by 8 cores with Intel®
Hyper-Threading Technology (Intel® HT Technology) to conquer the most demanding workloads.
Want to reach for even greater levels of performance? — Overclock confidently with new and
enhanced features like Solder Thermal Interface Material (STIM) and improved overclocking
customizations to tweak the processor performance to its unleashed potential.
THANKS