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Light Issues in Computer Graphics: Presented by Saleema Amershi

This document discusses lighting models in computer graphics. It describes local illumination models like the Phong model that approximate how light interacts with individual object surfaces. Local illumination is made up of ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection components. The document also introduces global illumination and ray tracing, which can simulate more realistic lighting effects between all surfaces in a scene, including shadows, reflections, and refractions. Ray tracing works by casting rays from the camera through each pixel and calculating the lighting at intersection points using local illumination models, plus accounting for secondary effects from reflected and refracted rays.

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Sriharshitha Deepala
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32 views

Light Issues in Computer Graphics: Presented by Saleema Amershi

This document discusses lighting models in computer graphics. It describes local illumination models like the Phong model that approximate how light interacts with individual object surfaces. Local illumination is made up of ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection components. The document also introduces global illumination and ray tracing, which can simulate more realistic lighting effects between all surfaces in a scene, including shadows, reflections, and refractions. Ray tracing works by casting rays from the camera through each pixel and calculating the lighting at intersection points using local illumination models, plus accounting for secondary effects from reflected and refracted rays.

Uploaded by

Sriharshitha Deepala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Light Issues in Computer

Graphics
Presented by Saleema Amershi
• Light plays an important part in computer
graphics for rendering realistic images.
• Using lighting models, we can simulate
shading, reflection and refraction of light,
comparable to what we see in the real
world.
• Local illumination refers to direct
interaction between one light source and
one object surface.

• Global illumination refers to the interaction


of light between all surfaces in a scene.
– Responsible for shading
– Reflection between surfaces
– Refraction of surfaces
Local Illumination Models
• In computer graphics, single object-light
interaction is approximated through local
illumination models.
• Basic model used is the Phong model which
breaks local illumination into 3 components:
– Ambient reflection
– Diffuse reflection
– Specular reflection
• For every point, or small surface area, of an
object, we want to calculate the light due to
these three components.
Ambient reflection
• Crude approximation to
global effects of light.
• Accounts for the general
brightness in a scene
from light scattering in all
directions from all
surfaces.

• Iout = kambient ∙ Iambient

• I is the light intensity


(power per unit area), or
illumination.
Diffuse Reflection
• All materials have diffuse properties, due
to the ‘roughness’ of a surface at the
microscopic level.

• Ideal diffuse reflection refers to light hitting


a surface and then scattering evenly in all
directions due to the surface ‘roughness’.
• Lambert said that the energy reflected off a
surface from a light source is proportional to
the cosine of the incident angle, i, between
the light and the normal to the surface.

• Iout α cos(i) or Iout α n ∙ l

• So now we have
– Iout = kambient ∙ Iambient + kdiffuse ∙ Ilight ∙ n ∙ l
Specular Reflection
• Shiny materials have
specular properties, that give
highlights from light sources.

• The highlights we see


depends on our position
relative to the surface from
which the light is reflecting.

• For an ideal mirror, a


perfectly reflected ray is
symmetric with the incident
ray about the normal.
• But as before, surfaces are not perfectly
smooth, so there will be variations around
the ideal reflected ray.
• Phong modelled these variations through
empirical observations.
• As a result we have:
Iout = kspecular ∙ Ilight ∙ coss(θ)

• s is the shininess factor due to the surface


material.
Phong Lighting Model
• Putting all these components together gives us:
Iout = kambient∙Iambient + kdiffuse∙Ilight∙(n∙l)
+ kspecular∙Ilight∙(v∙r)s

• In reality, however, we can have more then one


light source reflecting light off of the same surface.
This gives us:
Iout = kambient∙Iambient
+ ∑Ilight ∙ (kdiffuse∙(n∙l)+ kspecular∙(v∙r)s )
• Varying shininess coefficient in specular
component:

• Combining diffuse and specular lighting:


diffuse diffuse
plus
specular
How do we use really use this?
y=top

• Viewing frustrum x=left


y

VCS y=bottom z=-near


x
x=right

• Z-buffering and the image plane

-z
Example

• No shadows
• No refractions or reflections
Ray Tracing!
• Better method, can show these realistic effects.
Ray Tracing Method
• Cast a ray from the eye (or the camera)
through each pixel in the image plane,
until the ray intersects an object.

• Calculate local illumination for this point


using Phong model.
Calculating Intersections
• Largest computational overhead.
• Most objects are represented by
collections of planar polygons.
• Intersections are between rays and
planes.
• Implicit plane equation
F(P) = N∙P + D =0
• Parametric ray equation
P(t) = Pa + t(Pb – Pa)
• Solve for t:
F(P(t)) = N∙( Pa + t(Pb – Pa ) + D = 0
t =( -D -N∙ Pa )/( N∙ Pb - N∙ Pa )

• Plug back into P(t) to get intersection


point.
• Remember that calculating t is solving a
quadratic. We want the first intersection of
the ray with a surface, so take the smallest
t value.
• After finding the intersection point, we
need to actually see if this point lies within
the polygon that described the plane.

• Use barycentric coordinates to test (not


covered here).

• Try to avoid calculating intersections, by


testing whether there actually will be an
intersection before calculating it.
So Whats New?
• Need to do more then
just calculate the local
illumination for the
point of intersection to
make full use of ray
tracing.
• Cast secondary
reflection and
refraction rays from
point of intersections
to see other effects.
Checking for Shadows
• For each light source in a scene, cast a ray from
that light source to the intersection point we just
calculated.
• If the ray hits an object before reaching the point,
then ignore contributions from that light source.
• Add this to local illumination model:
Iout = kambient∙Iambient
+ ∑blightIlight ∙ (kdiffuse∙(n∙l)+ kspecular∙(v∙r)s )
• blight is 0 or 1 depending on whether light is
obstructed or not.
Refraction
• As we all know, lenses, glass, water and
other translucent materials refract light.
• We can cast a secondary refraction ray
from the intersection point if a material is
translucent.
Snell’s Law!
• Computer graphics uses Snell’s law to
compute the refracted ray, but in vector
form.
• Snell’s Law: ni sin(i) = nr sin(r)
• Vector form: ni (l x n) = nr (r x n)
• Solve for r (complicated derivation)
– r = ni / nr (cos(i)) – cos(r)n - ni / nr l
= ni / nr (n ∙ l) –
√(1- (ni / nr )2 (1 – (n ∙ l) 2 ) * n - ni / nr l
• After calculating the direction of the
refracted ray, we can cast a secondary ray
in this direction and recursively look for
intersections and add illumination values
from these other intersections to the
illumination of the original intersections.
• Can do the same for reflected rays off of
other surfaces by casting a ray in the
direction of reflection as before:
r = (2l ∙ n)n - l
• These secondary illumination values will
not have as much weight on the
illumination of the pixel as the original
illumination value, as intensity of light
decreases as distance increases.

• Add a weighting factor to these secondary


illumination values to account for this.

• Recurse from secondary intersections.


The Ray Tracing Algorithm
• raytrace(ray from a pixel)
-calculate closest intersection
-calculate local illumination //take shadows
for intersection point //into account
-reflected_component = raytrace(reflected_ray)
// if an object surface has reflection properties (ie. is
//not completely diffuse)
-refracted_component = raytrace(refraced_ray)
//if an object surface is transparent
-color_of_pixel = c1 * localcolor
+ c2 * reflected_component
+ c3 * refracted_component
Cool Ray Traced Images

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