2014ENG 6.

5 – BUILDING STRUCTURES - VI

CONTACT PERIODS : : 3 (LECTURE) PER WEEK

DURATION OF EXAM: 3 HRS EXAM MARKS: 100 PROGRESSIVE MARKS: 50

OBJECTIVE:

Integration of structures with architectural objectives by developing an understanding of building structures and selection
criteria for appropriate vertical systems; conceptual design of structures for gravity and lateral wind and seismic loads.

COURSE OUTLINE

1) Introduction of vertical/lateral structures:

2) Introduction to the Structural design Project: Design for a 15 story building of dimension 30M X 30M, 60 meter height, 10X10 M column
grid and with service core in the central bay. Calculation of building loads load calculation based on the IS 875 and seismic loads and wind
loads and design of gravity and lateral systems.
3) Gravity loading: Dead and Live load calculation based on IS 875 (Part 1)and NBC
4) Seismic loading: Seismic loading calculation based on IS 1893 Code; Static Analysis Procedure
5) Wind loading: Wind loading calculation based on Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3)
6) Introduction to Computers in Structural design: Introduce students to analysis and design of structures using software.
7) Introduction to Lateral Load Resisting System: The structural systems of buildings designed to withstand lateral loads caused by wind and
seismic activity.
8) Moment resisting frame design: Design of Moment-resisting 2-dimensional frame assemblies of beams and columns, with the beams
rigidly connected to the columns. General moment resisting framing arrangement and sizing and design of beams, columns and slabs for 30M
X 30M, 60 meter high building, and basic load path and total structural weight calculation.
9) Shear Wall System: Design of Shear walls as lateral load resistance structural systems. Application of lateral loads along the height,
transference to the wall by a diaphragm slabs in concrete or masonry. General Shear wall framing arrangement and sizing and design of
beams, columns/ shear wall and slabs for 30M X 30M, 60 meter high building, and basic load path and total structural weight calculation.
10) Dual System: Design of twin structural system typically shear walls (RCC) and beam–column moment frames as combined resistance
system to lateral forces. General Dual framing arrangement and sizing and design of beams, columns/ shear wall and slabs for 30M X 30M, 60
meter high building, and basic load path and total structural weight calculation.
11) Braced frame: Design of lateral structural system to resist lateral loads (wind and seismic). Braced frames as vertical trusses with members
designed to resist in tension and compression due to triangulation in steel or RCC. General Braced frame arrangement and sizing and design of
beams, columns/braced frame and slabs for 30M X 30M, 60 meter high building, and basic load path and total structural weight calculation.
12) Final Review & Value Engineering: Fundamentals of structural system costs, such as material cost, labor cost, financial feasibility and
construction estimating with an emphasis on sustainability and life-cycle cost accounting.
1) Introduction of vertical/lateral structures
2) Introduction to the Structural design Problem
Introduction to the Structural design Problem: Design for a 15 story building of dimension 30M by 30 M and 60
meter high 10 meter column grid and with service core in the center bay. Calculation of building loads load calculation
based on the IS 875 and seismic loads and wind loads and design of gravity and lateral systems.
Structural Analysis and Design to satisfy Building
Codes and Standards;

3) Gravity loading: Dead and Live load calculation

based on IS 875 (Part 1&2)
Structural Analysis and Design to Satisfy Building Codes and Standards :

IS:456:2000 IS:875:1987(Part-1) IS:875:1987(Part-2)

Design Dead Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-1)
Dead Load

Self Load: It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.

Superimposed Dead Load: It is the load supported by a structural member.

Example: Flooring
Design Live Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-1)
Live Load: “Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings”
 4) Seismic loading: Seismic loading calculation
based on IS 1893 Code Static Analysis Procedure
Code Static Analysis Procedure
The total base shear is determined by static analysis using an empirical formula and
distribution along the height of the building is per another expression.
 Code Static Analysis Procedure
F=AM VB = Ah W
VB: Design Seismic Base Shear
W: The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus
appropriate amount of imposed load
Ah: Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value using the
fundamental Natural period Ta.

 Z I   S a 
A h     
Z : Zone factor
 2 R   g 
I : Importance factor
R : Response Reduction Factor or R denotes the numerical coefficient representative
of the inert over strength and global ductility of lateral force resisting system

Sa
: Response Acceleration Coefficient
g

The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered

Earthquake zone factor to the factor for Design Basic Earthquake (DBE) elastic level
 The Seismic Weight (W) VB = Ah W
Design imposed loads for earthquake force calculation is based on the clause 7.3.1
and 7.3.2 of IS 1893.

7.3.1- For various load classes as specified in IS 875 7.3.2- For calculation of the
-part2 (Code of practice for design loads for design seismic force of the
Buildings and Structures), the earthquake forces structure, the imposed load on
shall be calculated for the full dead load plus roof need not be considered.
appropriate amount of imposed load as given in
Table-8
 Design Basic Earthquake

Z: Zone factors for Maximum

Considered Earthquake (MCE) and
for service life of structure in a Zone

 Z I   S a 
A h     
 2 R   g 
  Z I   S a 
Importance Factors, I A h     
 2 R   g 

Structure Importance Factor

Important service and community buildings,
such as hospitals; schools; monumental
structures; emergency buildings like telephone 1.5
exchange, television stations, radio stations,
railway stations, fire station buildings; large
community halls like cinemas, assembly halls
and subway stations power Stations

All Other Buildings

1.0
NOTES: The design engineer may choose values of importance factor I greater than
those mentioned above.
 Response Reduction Factor (R) for Building Systems
This Response Reduction Factor (R) for Building Systems preliminary depends upon the ductility (Rotational and
displacement). R factor generally considers the non linear ability of structure. More the ductility or rotational capacity
more is the R factor. e.g for moment resistant frame response reduction factor is 5, where as for shear wall system
response reduction factor is 3.

Lateral Load Resisting System

R  Z I   S a 
i) Ordinary RC moment resisting frame (OMRF) 3 A h     
ii) Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 5  2 R   g 
iii Steel frame with  
a) Concentric braces 4
b) Eccentric braces 5
iv) Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 5
Buildings with Shear Walls  
v) Load bearing masonry wall buildings  
a) Unreinforced masonry 1.5
b) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands 2.5
c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars
3
vi) Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls
3
vii) Ductile shear walls 4
Buildings with Dual Systems  
viii) Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3
ix) Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4
 1g
Lateral Load Resisting System .03gto.3g

Architects are familiar with identifying an effective vertical

system (column location) for vertical loads (1g), similarly
they should identify lateral system to resist earthquake loads
(.05g to .3g)
1g .03g to .3g

Lateral System
1) Unreinforced Masonry Wall
2) Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls (Includes Lift Core )
3) Ordinary RC Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)
4) Ordinary Shear Wall with Moment Resisting Frame
1g
5) Braced Frame
.03g to .3g

1g
.03g to .3g
Structural System for
low-rise Building
Fundamental Natural Period based Static Procedure

Time of vibration (Ta), in seconds, of a moment resisting frame building without brick infill
panels may be estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta = 0.075h^0.75, for RC frame building
Ta = 0.085h^0.75, for Steel frame building

h = Height of building in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are
connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But, it
includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta), in seconds, of all other
buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, may be
estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta = 0.09h/ d^1/2
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of
the lateral force.
 Code Damping
Code Response Spectrum is based on 5% damping. Multiplying factor as given
in Table-3 shall be used to get responses for other damping values
 Response acceleration coefficient

 Z I   S a 
A h     
 2 R   g 
Generally, buildings with higher natural frequencies, and a
short natural period, tend to suffer higher accelerations but
smaller displacement. In the case of buildings with lower
natural frequencies, and a long natural period, this is
reversed as the buildings will experience lower accelerations
but larger displacements.
Vertical distribution of Base Shear

Code Dynamic Analysis base shear and

Code Static Analysis base shear are
essentially same as shown before, however
distribution to different levels along the
height of the building is different in static
and dynamic analysis (because in dynamic
analysis the internal force depends on the
rate of loading and on the stiffness and
mass characteristics of the structure)
Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value for an Ordinary Moment Frame Building
using the fundamental natural period .13 Seconds located in Bangalore on a Medium Site
5) Wind loading
5) Wind loading
5) Wind loading: Wind loading calculation based on
Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3)
5) Wind loading: Wind loading calculation based on
Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3)
6) Introduction to Computer methods in Structural design:
m
T = 2π
k
• The analytical model for
dynamic analysis of buildings
shall represent the spatial
distribution of all the mass
and stiffness of the structure
that will impact dynamic
response.

• This will require

engineering judgment to
adequately model lateral
resisting systems and
connection and support
joints.

• Hence Dynamic Analysis

requires considerable
engineering skills.
7) Introduction Lateral Load Resisting System

Fazlur Rahman Khan (Bengali: Fozlur Rôhman Khan)

(3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a Bangladeshi-
American[2] structural engineer and architect, who
initiated structural systems that form the basis of
tall building construction today.[3][4][5][6]
Considered the Father of tubular designs for high-
rises,[7] Khan became an icon in both architecture
and structural engineering.[8] He was also a pioneer
in computer-aided design (CAD) and helped in
initiating the widespread use of computers for
structural engineering.
 7)CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Lateral Load Resisting System

R
i) Ordinary RC moment resisting frame (OMRF) 3
ii) Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 5
iii Steel frame with  
a) Concentric braces 4
b) Eccentric braces 5
iv) Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 5
Buildings with Shear Walls  
v) Load bearing masonry wall buildings  
a) Unreinforced masonry
1.5
b) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands
2.5
c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars
3
vi) Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls
3
vii) Ductile shear walls
4
Buildings with Dual Systems  
viii) Ordinary shear wall with OMRF
3
ix) Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4
8) MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

Moment-resisting frames are 2 dimensional

frame assemblies of beams and columns, with
the beams rigidly connected to the columns.
Resistance to lateral forces is provided
primarily by rigid frame action-that is, by the
development of bending moment and shear
force in the frame members and joints.

Beam column joint rigidity is achieved by the

monolithic construction in RCC
9) SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

Shear walls structural

systems provides lateral
load (wind and seismic)
resistance to a building.
The lateral loads are
applied along its height.
The lateral load is
generally transferred to
the wall by a diaphragm
slabs. They can be built
in wood, concrete, and
Masonry.
10) Dual System:

Dual System: The dual system

is a twin structural system
typically shear walls( RCC) and
beam–column moment frames
both of which contribute to
resist lateral forces.
11) BRACED FRAME SYSTEM
Braced frame: Braced Frame is a lateral
structural system primarily to resist lateral loads
(Wind and Seismic). Braced frames are vertical
trusses with members designed to resist in
tension and compression due to triangulation.
Braced frames are typically of steel members but
can be also RCC

Fazlur Rahman Khan (Bengali: Fozlur Rôhman

Khan) (3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a
Bangladeshi-American[2] structural engineer
and architect, who initiated structural systems
that form the basis of tall building construction
today.[3][4][5][6] Considered the Father of
tubular designs for high-rises,[7] Khan became
an icon in both architecture and structural
engineering.[8] He was also a pioneer in
computer-aided design (CAD) and helped in
initiating the widespread use of computers for
structural engineering.
 12) Final Review & Value Engineering: Fundamentals of structural system costs, such as
material cost, labor cost, financial feasibility and construction estimating with an emphasis
on Sustainability and life-cycle cost accounting.
 DURATION OF EXAM: 3 HRS THEORY MARKS :100

Part A question: 75 marks

1) Draw plan, elevation, section and details for a 15 story building of dimension 30M X 30M, 60
meter height using Concrete Structural System including a framing plan, column, beam and slab
arrangements for gravity and framing elevation for lateral loads?

Part B question: 25 marks

1) Calculation of total dead weight and live loads on structure as per IS875 (Part1&2). Determine
the slab, beam, column or isolated footing loads to be considered in the design of the structure
based on the type of occupancy as office.

2) The structure is coming up in Bangalore identify base shear coefficient as per IS 1893 .

3) The structure is coming up in Bangalore identify the wind loads on façade as per I.S. 875 (Part
3)

4) Sketch a typical load path diagram for a horizontal system for transferring gravity loads from
roof to the foundation.

5) Sketch a typical load path diagram for a horizontal system for transferring lateral loads from
roof to the foundation.

6) Write a note on Value Engineering: Fundamentals of structural system costs, such as material
cost, labor cost, financial feasibility and construction estimating with an emphasis on sustainability
and life-cycle cost accounting.