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Lecture No 4 at a Glance

In the last lecture we have covered following topics:

• Describe various types of functions available

in SQL

• Use character, number, and date functions in

SELECT statements

• Describe the use of conversion functions

1 Lecture No 5: Using Group Functions

 Lecture 5
Using Group Functions
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Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

do the following:
• Identify the available group functions

• Describe the use of group functions

• Group data using the GROUP BY clause

• Include or exclude grouped rows by using the

HAVING clause

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What Are Group Functions?

Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one
result per group.
EMPLOYEES

The maximum
salary in
the EMPLOYEES
table.

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Types of Group Functions

• AVG
• COUNT
• MAX
• MIN
• STDDEV
• SUM
• VARIANCE

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Group Functions Syntax

SELECT [column,] group_function(column), ...

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column]
[ORDER BY column];

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Using the AVG and SUM Functions

You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.

SELECT AVG(salary), MAX(salary),

MIN(salary), SUM(salary)
FROM employees;

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Using the MIN and MAX Functions

You can use MIN and MAX for any data type.
• Date Data Type

SELECT MIN(hire_date), MAX(hire_date)

FROM employees;

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Using the MIN and MAX Functions

• Character Data Type

SELECT MIN(first_name), MAX(first_name)

FROM employees;

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Using the MIN and MAX Functions

• Number Data Type

SELECT MIN(department_id), MAX(department_id)

FROM employees;

Example

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Using the COUNT Function

COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;

Example

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Using the COUNT Function

• COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with

non-null values for the expr.

• Display the number of department values in the

EMPLOYEES table, excluding the null values.

SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;

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Using the DISTINCT Keyword

• COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of

distinct non-null values of the expr.

• Display the number of distinct department values

in the EMPLOYEES table.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT department_id)
FROM employees;

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Group Functions and Null Values

Group functions ignore null values in the column.

SELECT AVG(commission_pct)
FROM employees;

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Using the NVL Function

with Group Functions

The NVL function forces group functions to include

null values.
SELECT AVG(NVL(commission_pct, 0))
FROM employees;

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Creating Groups of Data

EMPLOYEES
4400

9500
The
average
3500 salary
in
EMPLOYEES
6400 table
for each
10033
department.

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Creating Groups of Data:

The GROUP BY Clause Syntax

SELECT column, group_function(column)

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];

Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the

GROUP BY clause.

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Using the GROUP BY Clause

All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group
functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, MIN(salary),
MIN(salary), MAX(salary),
MAX(salary), AVG(salary)
AVG(salary)
FROM
FROM employees
employees
GROUP
GROUP BY
BY department_id
department_id ;;

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Using the GROUP BY Clause

The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the
SELECT list.
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id ;

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EMPLOYEES Grouping by More Than One Column

“Add up the
salaries in
the EMPLOYEES
table
for each job,
grouped by
department.

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Using the GROUP BY Clause

on Multiple Columns
SELECT department_id dept_id, job_id, SUM(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id, job_id ;

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Illegal Queries
Using Group Functions

Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is

not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY
clause.

SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, COUNT(last_name)
COUNT(last_name)
FROM
FROM employees;
employees;

SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, COUNT(last_name)
COUNT(last_name)
**
ERROR
ERROR at
at line
line 1:
1:
ORA-00937:
ORA-00937: not
not aa single-group
single-group group
group function
function

Column
Column missing
missing in
in the
the GROUP BY clause
GROUP BY clause

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Illegal Queries
Using Group Functions

• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.

• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
• You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause.
SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, AVG(salary)
AVG(salary)
FROM
FROM employees
employees
WHERE
WHERE AVG(salary)
AVG(salary) >> 8000
8000
GROUP
GROUP BY
BY department_id;
department_id;
WHERE
WHERE AVG(salary)
AVG(salary) >> 8000
8000
**
ERROR
ERROR at
at line
line 3:
3:
ORA-00934:
ORA-00934: group
group function
function is
is not
not allowed
allowed here
here

Cannot use the

Cannot use the WHERE clause to
WHERE clause restrict groups
to restrict groups

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Excluding Group Results

EMPLOYEES

The maximum
salary
per department
when it is
greater than
$10,000
…

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Excluding Group Results: The HAVING

Clause

Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups:

1. Rows are grouped.
2. The group function is applied.
3. Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.

SELECT column, group_function

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];

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Using the HAVING Clause

SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)

FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>10000 ;

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Using the HAVING Clause

SELECT job_id, SUM(salary) PAYROLL

FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT LIKE '%REP%'
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING SUM(salary) > 13000
ORDER BY SUM(salary);

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Nesting Group Functions

Display the maximum average salary.

SELECT MAX(AVG(salary))
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

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Summary

In this lecture we have covered following topics:

• Identify the available group functions

• Describe the use of group functions

• Group data using the GROUP BY clause

• Include or exclude grouped rows by using the

HAVING clause

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