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25 views

The Human Body: An Orientation: Slides 1.1 - 1.8

Uploaded by

Piere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Slides 1.1 – 1.8

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook


Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure and


shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function
Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Levels of Structural Organization
Organ System Overview

• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury and drying
out
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Organ System Overview

• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Organ System Overview

• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Organ System Overview

• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Organ System Overview

• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity-
destroys bacteria and
tumor cells
Organ System Overview

• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Organ System Overview

• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Organ System Overview

• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries- keeps the body’s
internal environment distinct from the external
environment- the skin and membranes
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism – all chemical reactions


within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Provides new cells for growth and repair
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs

• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internal


environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural


and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a
household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and birth of a baby
The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent


misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Body
Landmarks
• Anterior
Body Landmarks

• Posterior
Body Planes
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants
Abdominopelvic
Major Organs

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