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Vibrational Sensors For Sensing Energy Through Vibrations

Vibrational sensors use piezoelectric technology to measure vibration characteristics like acceleration, velocity, and displacement. Piezoelectric sensors are durable and can withstand harsh environments. Key factors in selecting a sensor are measuring range, frequency response, accuracy, and resistance to transverse and ambient conditions. Common sensor types are accelerometers for measuring a wide range of frequencies, velocity sensors for low to medium frequencies, and displacement sensors for low frequencies and amplitudes. Piezoelectric sensors output electrical signals proportional to motion and can integrate or differentiate signals to measure different vibration properties. Sensor sensitivity and frequency response require balancing needs of the application.

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68 views21 pages

Vibrational Sensors For Sensing Energy Through Vibrations

Vibrational sensors use piezoelectric technology to measure vibration characteristics like acceleration, velocity, and displacement. Piezoelectric sensors are durable and can withstand harsh environments. Key factors in selecting a sensor are measuring range, frequency response, accuracy, and resistance to transverse and ambient conditions. Common sensor types are accelerometers for measuring a wide range of frequencies, velocity sensors for low to medium frequencies, and displacement sensors for low frequencies and amplitudes. Piezoelectric sensors output electrical signals proportional to motion and can integrate or differentiate signals to measure different vibration properties. Sensor sensitivity and frequency response require balancing needs of the application.

Uploaded by

vijayrajana
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VIBRATIONAL SENSORS FOR SENSING

ENERGY THROUGH VIBRATIONS


• Vibration sensors are sensors for measuring,
displaying and analyzing linear velocity,
displacement and proximity, or else
acceleration. They can be used on a stand-
alone basis, or in conjunction with a data
acquisition system.

• Vibration sensors can have from one axis to


three axes of measurement, the multiple axes
typically being orthogonal to each other.
• The most common types of vibration sensors are
piezoelectric, capacitance, null-balance, strain gage,
resonance beam, piezoresistive and magnetic
induction.
• Five main features must be considered when
selecting vibration sensors:
measuring range,
frequency range,
accuracy,
transverse sensitivity
and ambient conditions.
• Measuring range can be in G’s for
acceleration, in/sec for linear velocity (or
other distance over time), and inches or other
distance for displacement and proximity.

• Frequency is measured in Hz and accuracy is


typically represented as a percentage of
allowable error over the full measurement
range of the device.
• Transverse sensitivity refers to the effect a
force orthogonal to the one being measured
can have on the reading. Again, this is
represented as percentage of full scale of
allowable interference.

• For the ambient conditions, such things as


temperature should be considered, as well as
the maximum shock and vibration the
vibration sensors will be able to handle.
• Electrical output options depend on the
system being used with the vibration sensors.
Common analog options are voltage, current
or frequency

• In addition, these sensors can have


acceleration, velocity, or displacement as
output by either integrating or differentiating
their primary output.
Typical ranges of different vibration sensors:
Acceleration:
• Less than -350 g
• -350 to -3 g
• -3 to 20 g
• 20 to 540 g
• 540 g to above

Linear Velocity:
• Less than 0.53 in/sec
• 0.53 to 2 in/sec
• 2 to 2 in/sec
• 2 to 4 in/sec
• 4 in/sec and above
Proximity / Displacement Range:
• 0.02 to 0.072 inch
• 0.072 inch and above.

Displacement Sensors:
• These sensors are best suited for measuring
low frequency and low amplitude
displacements.
• Piezoelectric displacement transducers
(doubly integrated accelerometers) have been
developed to overcome problems associated
with mounting non-contact probes,.
 
• Piezoelectric sensors yield an output
proportional to the absolute motion of a
structure, rather than relative motion
between the proximity sensor mounting point
and target surface, such as a shaft.
Velocity Sensors:
• Velocity sensors are used for low to medium frequency
measurements.
 
• As compared to accelerometers, velocity sensors have lower
sensitivity to high frequency vibrations.
• Thus, they are less susceptible to amplifier overloads.
Overloads can compromise the fidelity of low amplitude, low
frequency signals.
• Traditional velocity sensors use an electromagnetic (coil and
magnet) system to generate the velocity signal.
• Now, hardier piezoelectric velocity sensors (internally
integrated accelerometers) are gaining in popularity due to
their improved capabilities.
• A comparison between the traditional coil and magnetic
velocity sensor and the modern piezoelectric velocity
sensor is shown below in Table.
Accelerometers:
• Accelerometers are the preferred motion
sensors for most vibration monitoring
applications.
• They are useful for measuring low to very high
frequencies and are available in a wide variety
of general purpose and application specific
designs.
• The piezoelectric accelerometer is unmatched
for frequency and amplitude range. The
piezoelectric sensor is versatile, reliable and
the most popular vibration sensor.
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS:
• The rugged, solid-state construction of industrial
piezoelectric sensors enables them to operate
under most harsh environmental conditions.
• They are unaffected by dirt, oil, and most
chemical atmospheres. They perform well over a
wide temperature range and resist damage due
to severe shocks and vibrations.
• Most piezoelectric sensors used in vibration
monitoring today contain internal amplifiers.
• The piezoelectric element in the sensor
produces a signal proportional to acceleration.
• This small acceleration signal can be amplified
for acceleration measurements or converted
(electronically integrated) within the sensor
into a velocity or displacement signal.
• The piezoelectric velocity sensor is more
rugged than a coil and magnet sensor, has a
wider frequency range, and can perform
accurate phase measurements.
 Piezoelectric Materials:
• The two basic piezoelectric materials used in
vibration sensors today are synthetic
piezoelectric ceramics and quartz.
• While both are adequate for successful
vibration sensor design, differences in their
properties allow for design flexibility.
• For example, natural piezoelectric quartz has
lower charge sensitivity and exhibits a higher
noise floor when compared to the modern
"tailored" piezoceramic materials.
• Most vibration sensor manufacturers now use
piezoceramic materials developed specifically for sensor
applications.
• Special formulations yield optimized characteristics to
provide accurate data in extreme operating
environments.
• The exceptionally high output sensitivity of
piezoceramic material allows the design of sensors with
increased frequency response when compared to quartz.

• Much has been said of the thermal response of quartz


versus piezoceramics. Both quartz and piezoceramics
exhibit an output during a temperature change
(pyroelectric effect).
• Proper sensor designs isolate strains and
minimize thermally induced signals. (See
"Temperature Range" section).
• High quality piezoceramic sensors undergo
artificial aging during the production process.
This ensures stable and repeatable output
characteristics for long term vibration
monitoring programs.
• Development of advanced piezoceramics with
higher sensitivities and capability to operate at
higher temperatures is anticipated.
PRIMARY SENSOR CONSIDERATIONS:
• Two of the main parameters of a piezoelectric
sensor are the sensitivity and the frequency
range.
• In general, most high frequency sensors have
low sensitivities, and conversely, most high
sensitivity sensors have low frequency ranges.
• It is therefore necessary to compromise
between the sensitivity and the frequency
response.
The Sensitivity Range:
• The sensitivity of industrial accelerometers typically range
between 10 and 100 mV/g; higher and lower sensitivities are
also available.
The Frequency Range
• In order to select the frequency range of a piezoelectric
sensor, it is necessary to determine the frequency
requirements of the application.
• The high frequency range of the sensor is constrained by its
increase in sensitivity as it approaches resonance. The low
frequency range is constrained by the amplifier roll-off filter,
as shown in Figure . Many sensor amplifiers also filter the
high end of the frequency range in order to attenuate the
resonance amplitude. This extends the operating range and
reduces electronic distortion
THANK YOU

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