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The Bohr-Rutherford Atom: Physics 100 Chapt 23

The document summarizes the development of atomic models from Thomson's discovery of the electron to Bohr's planetary model of the atom. Key points: 1) Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small, dense nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, contradicting the plum pudding model. 2) Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete "allowed" orbits corresponding to integer multiples of the electron's wavelength. This explained observations of atomic spectra. 3) Later, Schrodinger and quantum mechanics described electrons as probability waves, with electrons most likely to be detected in orbitals where the wave function is largest. This resolved issues with Bohr's model and classical physics.

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Irfan Sayeem Sultan
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25 views

The Bohr-Rutherford Atom: Physics 100 Chapt 23

The document summarizes the development of atomic models from Thomson's discovery of the electron to Bohr's planetary model of the atom. Key points: 1) Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small, dense nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, contradicting the plum pudding model. 2) Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete "allowed" orbits corresponding to integer multiples of the electron's wavelength. This explained observations of atomic spectra. 3) Later, Schrodinger and quantum mechanics described electrons as probability waves, with electrons most likely to be detected in orbitals where the wave function is largest. This resolved issues with Bohr's model and classical physics.

Uploaded by

Irfan Sayeem Sultan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Bohr-Rutherford Atom

Nils Ernest
Bohr Rutherford

Physics 100
Chapt 23
1895 J.J. Thomson discovered
electron

cathode Vacuum flask

++
---
“cathode rays”
++
- + anode
Cathode rays have negative charge
and very small mass

cathode S
++
---

++

- + anode N m=0.0005MHydrogen
Plum pudding?
Positively charged
Negatively charged
porridge
raisins (plums)
+ +
+
- - -+
+
+
+ +
- - - +
+ + + +
-+ -+
- +
10-10m
Planetary-like?
Positively charged Negatively charged
dense central nucleus - orbiting electrons

- -
+

-
-

10-10m
Rutherford Experiment
Vacuum
flask

-rays
What’s in the box?

Is all the mass spread or is all the mass


throughout as in a box concentrated in a dense
of marshmallows”? “ball-bearing”?
Figure it out without opening (or
shaking)

Shoot bullets randomly through the box. If it


is filled with marshmallows, all the bullets will
go straight through without (much) deflection
Figure it out without opening (or
shaking)

If it contains a ball-bearing most the bullets will go


straight through without deflection---but not all

Occasionally, a bullet will collide nearly head-on to


the ball-bearing and be deflected by a large angle
Rutherford used -ray “bullets” to
distinguish between the plum-
pudding & planetary models
Plum-pudding:
+ +
+
- - -+
 +
+
+ +

- - - +
 + + + +

-+ -+
- +
no way for -rays to scatter at wide angles
distinguishing between the plum-
pudding & planetary models

-


- -
+

 -
-
Occasionally, an-rays will be pointed head-on
to a nucleus & will scatter at a wide angle
Rutherford saw ~1/10,000
a-rays scatter at wide angles

-

- -
 +

 -
-
from this he inferred a nuclear
size of about 10-14m
Rutherford atom
10-10m

Not to scale!!!

If it were to scale,
10-14m the nucleus would
+ be too small to see

Even though it has


more than 99.9%
of the atom’s mass
Relative scales
Aloha stadium
Golf ball

x10-4

Nucleus
Atom 99.97% of the mass
Classical theory had trouble with
Rutherford’s atom
Orbiting electrons are accelerating

Accelerating electrons should radiate light

According to Maxwell’s
theory, a Rutherford
atom would only survive
for only about 10-12 secs
sola
Other peculiar discoveries:

Solar light spectrum:

Fraunhofer discovered that some wavelengths are


missing from the sun’s black-body spectrum
Other discoveries…
Low pressure gasses, when heated,
do not radiate black-body-like spectra;
instead they radiate only a few specific colors
bright colors from hydrogen match
the missing colors in sunlight

Hydrogen spectrum

Solar spectrum
Bohr’s idea

“Allowed”
orbits
Hydrogen energy levels
4
3

1
+
Hydrogen energy levels

+
What makes Bohr’s allowed energy
levels allowed?

Recall what happens when we force


waves into confined spaces:
Confined waves

Only waves with wavelengths that just fit in survive


(all others cancel themselves out)
Electrons in atoms are confined
matter waves ala deBroglie
However, if the circumference is exactly an
integer
This wave,number of wavelengths,
as it goes around, will successive
interfere
turns
with itself will interfereand
destructively constructively
cancel itself out

Bohr’s allowed energy states correspond to those


with orbits that are integer numbers of wavelengths
Bohr orbits
Bohr orbits
Quantum Mechanics
Erwin Schrodinger

Schrodinger’s equation
Matter waves are “probability”
waves
Probability to detect the
electron at some place 
is  2 at that spot

Electrons will never be


detected here

Electrons are most likely


or here to be detected here
Quantum mechanical atom

Bohr’s original idea

Probability density

Quantum Mechanics
Different QM states of the H atom

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