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ARDUINO
 Arduino.
• Introduction
• Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics pr
ojects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit bo
ard (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software,
or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your co
mputer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical boa
rd.
 Arduino
• The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just star
ting out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous
programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate p
iece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code on
to the board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Ar
duino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn t
o program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that bre
aks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible p
ackage.
ARDUINO
 What does it do

• The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers, ne
wbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can inter
act with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, and even your sma
rt-phone or your TV! This flexibility combined with the fact that the Arduino software is free,
the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the software and hardware are easy to learn h
as led to a large community of users who have contributed code and released instructions for a
 huge variety of Arduino-based projects.
• For everything from robots and a heating pad hand warming blanket to 
honest fortune-telling machines, and even a Dungeons and Dragons dice-throwing gauntlet, t
he Arduino can be used as the brains behind almost any electronics project.
 What's on the board?
• There are many varieties of Arduino boar
ds that can be used for different purposes.
Some boards look a bit different from the
one below, but most Arduinos have the m
ajority of these components in common:
 Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

• Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power sourc

e. The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming fro
m your computer or a wall power supply (like this) that is terminate
d in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled
 (1) and the barrel jack is labeled (2).
• NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you
will overpower (and thereby destroy) your Arduino. The recommen
ded voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12 Volts.
 Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

• The pins on your Arduino are the places where you

connect wires to construct a circuit (probably in co
njuction with a breadboard and some wire. They us
ually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to j
ust plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino h
as several different kinds of pins, each of which is la
beled on the board and used for different functions.
 Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

• GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, a
ny of which can be used to ground your circuit.
• 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power,
and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components
used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
• Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on t
he UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog s
ensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we ca
n read.
 Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

• Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). Th
ese pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital outp
ut (like powering an LED).
• PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 1
0, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for some
thing called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, th
ink of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).
• AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It is
sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper lim
it for the analog input pins.
 Reset Button

• Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset

button (10). Pushing it will temporarily connect the res
et pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on
the Arduino. This can be very useful if your code does
n’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times. Unlik
e the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Ardui
no doesn't usually fix any problems.
 Power LED Indicator

• Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on

your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next to the w
ord ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever y
ou plug your Arduino into a power source. If this lig
ht doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something
is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!
 TX RX LEDs

• TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. T

hese markings appear quite a bit in electronics to i
ndicate the pins responsible for 
serial communication. In our case, there are two pl
aces on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appe
ar -- once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second ti
me next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). T
hese LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
 Main IC

• The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit 
(13). Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Ar
duino is slightly different from board type to board type, but is usuall
y from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company. This can
be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your
board type) before loading up a new program from the Arduino soft
ware. This information can usually be found in writing on the top sid
e of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference between v
arious IC's, reading the datasheets is often a good idea.
 Voltage Regulator

• The voltage regulator (14) is not actually somethin

g you can (or should) interact with on the Arduin
o. But it is potentially useful to know that it is ther
e and what it’s for. The voltage regulator does exac
tly what it says -- it controls the amount of voltag
e that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it as
a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra vol
tage that might harm the circuit. Of course, it has i
 The Arduino Family

• Arduino makes several different boards, each with diff

erent capabilities. In addition, part of being open sour
ce hardware means that others can modify and produ
ce derivatives of Arduino boards that provide even mo
re form factors and functionality. Here are a few optio
ns that are well-suited to someone new to the world o
f Arduino:
 Arduino Uno (R3)

• The Uno is a great choice for your first Arduino. It's got everyt
hing you need to get started, and nothing you don't. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM out
puts), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset
button and more. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB c
able or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get st
arted.
Arduino Uno (R3)
 LilyPad Arduino

• This is LilyPad Arduino main board! LilyPad is a wearable e-t

extile technology developed by Leah Buechley and cooperativel
y designed by Leah and SparkFun. Each LilyPad was creatively
designed with large connecting pads and a flat back to allow t
hem to be sewn into clothing with conductive thread. The Lily
Pad also has its own family of input, output, power, and senso
r boards that are also built specifically for e-textiles. They're e
ven washable!
LilyPad Arduino
 Arduino Mega (R3)

• The Arduino Mega is like the UNO's big brother. I

t has lots (54!) of digital input/output pins (14 can
be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, a USB
connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It co
ntains everything needed to support the microcontr
oller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or ba
ttery to get started. The large number of pins make
Arduino Mega (R3)
 Arduino Leonardo

• The Leonardo is Arduino's first development boar

d to use one microcontroller with built-in USB. T
his means that it can be cheaper and simpler. Als
o, because the board is handling USB directly, cod
e libraries are available which allow the board to
emulate a computer keyboard, mouse, and more!
Arduino Leonardo
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