Solution

Stoichiometry
CHEMISTRY THAT INVOLVES
USING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
REACTANTS AND/OR PRODUCTS
IN A CHEMICAL REACTION TO
DETERMINE DESIRED
QUANTITATIVE DATA.

SIMPLY STATED, IT IS USING

RATIOS FROM A BALANCED
CHEMICAL EQUATION.
 THE GIVEN QUANTITIES
WHETHER MASS,
CONCENTRATION, OR
VOLUME MUST FIRST BE
CONVERTED TO
REACTANT MOLES.
SHOULD BE RELATED TO
THE
NUMBER OF MOLES OF
THE
PRODUCTS BASED ON
THE
BALANCED CHEMICAL
EQUATION.
 NUMBER OF MOLES OF
PRODUCTS COULD
THEN BE CONVERTED TO

MASS, CONCENTRATION
OR
VOLUME.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
For the balanced equation
3NaOH + Al(NO3)3 3NaNO3 + Al(OH)3

1. What volume of 0.300M NaOH is required

to react completely with 2.50 g Al(NO3)3?

2. Using the same equation in number 1, what

mass of Al(OH)3 is produced from 25 mL 1.0M
Al(NO3)3?
 TITRATIONS
In titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.

Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point

Slowly add base

to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
4.7
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute Moles of solute

concentrated solution = diluted solution

V1C1 = V2C2
4.5
where,
C1 = initial concentration
V1 = initial volume
C2 = final concentration
V2 = final volume

Note: C2 is less than C1

V2 is greater than V1 V2 = V 1 + H 2 O
3. Given the balanced equation:
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

What volume of a 1.420 M

NaOH solution is required to
titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M
H2SO4 solution?
4. What is the final
concentration of 25.0 mL
of 3.0M NaOH if 10.0 mL
of water is added to it?

4.7
ASSIGNMENT: For Einstein and Maxwell

Answer problems on Stoichiometry

involving Solutions numbers 1-5 page
67 of General Chemistry 2 Textbook.
Use 1 whole sheet of paper.

4.7
 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS
ELECTROLYTES
- are substances that, when dissolved
in water, results in a solution that can
conduct electricity
- are substances that dissociates or
form ions when dissolved in water.
Strong Electrolytes
- Completely dissociate/ionize in
water.
- Examples: Ionic compounds
KCl K+ + Cl-
MgCl2 Mg+2 + 2Cl-
Al(NO3)3 Al+3 + 3NO3-1
Weak Electrolytes
- partially ionize in solution.
- Examples: solutions with ions and
molecules
NH4OH NH4+1 + OH-

4.1
 0.1 m NaCl solution 0.1 m Na+ ions & 0.1 m Cl- ions

0.1 m NaCl solution 0.2 m ions in solution

actual number of particles in soln after dissociation

van’t Hoff factor (i) =
number of formula units initially dissolved in soln

i should be
nonelectrolytes 1
NaCl 2
CaCl2 3

12.7
NONELECTROLYTES
- Are substances that, when
dissolved, results in a solution that
does not conduct electricity.
- Do not dissociate/ionize in solution
- Examples: nonpolar compounds

4.1
nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

4.1
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Colligative properties are

properties that depend only
on the number of solute
particles in solution and not
on the nature of the solute
particles.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

1. Vapor Pressure Reduction

- If the escaping tendency of the
molecules is high, the vapor
pressure is high.
- The escaping tendency of the
molecules in a solution is lower
due to the following reasons:
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

a. The solute molecules take up the

space at the surface and thus
preventing the escape of the
solvent molecules.
b. The interaction between the solute
and the solvent is greater than the
solvent-solvent interaction, making
it more difficult for molecules to
escape.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Therefore,
 the vapor pressure of the solution
becomes lower than that of a pure
solvent.
 The greater the concentration of
solute present, the greater the vapor
pressure reduction is.
Vapor-Pressure Lowering

P1 = X1 P 10 P 10 = vapor pressure of pure solvent

Raoult’s law X1 = mole fraction of the solvent

If the solution contains only one solute:

X1 = 1 – X2

P 10 - P1 = DP = X2 P 10 X2 = mole fraction of the solute

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

2. BOILING POINT ELEVATION

- Since the vapor pressure is lower
in solutions, it takes a higher
temperature to attain the boiling
point of a solution.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Therefore, the boiling point of a

solution is greater than the boiling
point of a pure solvent.
Applications:
Preparation of candies (sugar and
flavors are added to water and boil
for a long time to make the solution
concentrated
Boiling-Point Elevation
DTb = Tb – T b0
T b0 is the boiling point of
the pure solvent
T b is the boiling point of
the solution
Tb > T b0 DTb > 0

DTb = Kb m
m is the molality of the solution
Kb is the molal boiling-point
elevation constant (0C/m)
12.6
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

3. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

- If a nonvolatile solute is added to a
solvent, the freezing point of the
solvent is lowered and the reduction
in the freezing point depends on the
number of moles of solute present.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

3. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

- The greater the number of solute
particles, the greater the effect on
the reduction of the freezing point.
Freezing-Point Depression
DTf = T 0f – Tf
0
T fis the freezing point of
the pure solvent
T f is the freezing point of
the solution
T 0f > Tf DTf > 0

DTf = Kf m
m is the molality of the solution
Kf is the molal freezing-point
depression constant (0C/m)
12.6
Examples: Freezing
Point Depression

The addition of rock

salt to ice on wintry
roads to melt the ice
and snow.
Examples: Freezing Point Depression

The use of propylene glycol and

ethylene glycol as antifreeze for
vehicles’ radiator.

Ethylene
glycol

Propylene glycol
 What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g
of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? The
molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.

DTf = Kf m Kf water = 1.86 0C/m

1 mol
478 g x
moles of solute 62.01 g
m = = = 2.41 m
mass of solvent (kg) 3.202 kg solvent

DTf = Kf m = 1.86 0C/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 0C

DTf = T 0f – Tf
Tf = T 0f – DTf = 0.00 0C – 4.48 0C = -4.48 0C
12.6
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
At what temperature will a 5.4 molal
solution of NaCl freeze?
Solution
∆TFP = Kf • m • i
∆TFP = (1.86 oC/molal) • 5.4 m • 2
∆TFP = 20.1 oC
FP = 0 – 20.1 = -20.1 oC
12.6
4. Osmotic Pressure (p)
Osmosis is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous
membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but
blocks the passage of solute molecules.
Osmotic pressure (p) is the pressure required to stop osmosis.

more
dilute
concentrated

12.6
Osmotic Pressure (p)

High Low
P P

p = MRT
M is the molarity of the solution
R is the gas constant
T is the temperature (in K) 12.6
 A cell in an:

isotonic hypotonic hypertonic

solution solution solution

12.6
Chemistry In Action:
Desalination
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Vapor-Pressure Lowering DP = X2P 10

Boiling-Point Elevation DTb = Kb m

Freezing-Point Depression DTf = Kf m

Osmotic Pressure (p) p = MRT

12.6
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Vapor-Pressure Lowering DP = X2P 10

Boiling-Point Elevation DTb = Kb m

Freezing-Point Depression DTf = Kf m

Osmotic Pressure (p) p = MRT

12.6
Vapor-Pressure Lowering

P1 = X1 P 10 P 10 = vapor pressure of pure solvent

Raoult’s law X1 = mole fraction of the solvent

If the solution contains only one solute:

X1 = 1 – X2

P 10 - P1 = DP = X2 P 10 X2 = mole fraction of the solute

(change in VP is proportional to
the mole fraction of solute)
Boiling-Point Elevation
DTb = Tb – T b0
T b0 is the boiling point of
the pure solvent
T b is the boiling point of
the solution
Tb > T b0 DTb > 0

DTb = Kb m
m is the molality of the solution
Kb is the molal boiling-point
elevation constant (0C/m)
12.6
Freezing-Point Depression
DTf = T 0f – Tf
0
T fis the freezing point of
the pure solvent
T f is the freezing point of
the solution
T 0f > Tf DTf > 0

DTf = Kf m
m is the molality of the solution
Kf is the molal freezing-point
depression constant (0C/m)
12.6
 0.1 m NaCl solution 0.1 m Na+ ions & 0.1 m Cl- ions

0.1 m NaCl solution 0.2 m ions in solution

actual number of particles in soln after dissociation

van’t Hoff factor (i) =
number of formula units initially dissolved in soln

i should be
nonelectrolytes 1
NaCl 2
CaCl2 3

12.7
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

Boiling-Point Elevation DTb = i Kb m

Freezing-Point Depression DTf = i Kf m

Osmotic Pressure (p) p = iMRT

12.7
The average osmotic pressure
of blood is 13.4 atm at 30 C.o

What concentration of glucose

(nonelectrolyte, i = 1) will be
isotonic with blood?