Scribd
Upload
50 views

Moles and Formulae

Uploaded by

Sakib Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views

Moles and Formulae

Uploaded by

Sakib Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

1 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

2 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Counting atoms and molecules
When conducting a chemical reaction, it is often important
to mix reactants in the correct proportions. This prevents
contamination of the products by wasted reactants.

However, atoms are very


small and impossible to count
out. In order to estimate the
number of atoms in a sample
of an element, it is necessary
to find their mass.

The mass of an atom is


quantified in terms of
relative atomic mass.

3 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Relative atomic mass
The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the mass of
one of its atoms relative to 1/12 the mass of one atom of
carbon-12.
relative atomic mass average mass of an atom × 12
=
(Ar) mass of one atom of carbon-12

Most elements have more


than one isotope. The Ar of
the element is the average
mass of the isotopes, taking
into account the abundance of
each isotope. This is why the
Ar of an element is frequently
not a whole number.

4 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Relative molecular mass
The relative molecular mass (Mr) of a covalent substance
is the mass of one molecule relative to 1/12 the mass of
one atom of carbon-12.

Mr can be calculated by adding together the masses of


each of the atoms in a molecule.

Example: what is the Mr of H2SO4?


1. Count number of atoms (2 × H) + (1 × S) + (4 × O)
2. Substitute the Ar values (2 × 1.0) + (1 × 32.1) +
(4 × 16.0)
3. Add the values together 2.0 + 32.1 + 64.0 = 98.1

5 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Relative formula mass
The equivalent of relative molecular mass for an ionic
substance is the relative formula mass.
This is the mass of a formula unit relative to 1/12 the mass
of one atom of carbon-12. It is calculated in the same way
as relative molecular mass, and is represented by the same
symbol, Mr.

Example: what is the Mr of CaCl2?


1. Count number of atoms (1 × Ca) + (2 × Cl)
2. Substitute the Ar values (1 × 40.1) + (2 × 35.5)
3. Add the values together 40.1 + 71.0 = 111.1

6 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Calculating relative formula mass

7 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


8 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Moles and Avogadro's number

9 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Moles, mass and Ar / Mr

10 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Moles, mass and Mr calculations

11 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Avogadro’s law
In 1811 the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro developed a
theory about the volume of gases.

Avogadro’s law:
Equal volumes of different gases at the same pressure
and temperature will contain equal numbers of particles.

For example, if there are 2 moles of O2 in 50 cm3 of oxygen


gas, then there will be 2 moles of N2 in 50 cm3 of nitrogen
gas and 2 moles of CO2 in 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas at
the same temperature and pressure.
Using this principle, the volume that a gas occupies will
depend on the number of moles of the gas.

12 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Molar volumes of gases
If the temperature and pressure are fixed at convenient
standard values, the molar volume of a gas can be
determined.

Standard temperature is 273 K and pressure is 100 kPa.


At standard temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any gas
occupies a volume of 22.7 dm3. This is the molar volume.

Example: what volume does 5 moles of CO2 occupy?


volume occupied = no. moles × molar volume
= 5 × 22.7
= 113.5 dm3

13 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Ideal gas equation
How is the number of moles in a gas at other temperatures
and pressures calculated?

The ideal gas equation relates pressure, volume, number


of moles and temperature for a gas.

pV = nRT
p = pressure in Pa n = number of moles
V = volume in m3 R = gas constant: 8.31JK-1 mol-1
T = temperature in Kelvin

A gas that obeys this law under all conditions is called


an ideal gas.

14 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Ideal gas equation: converting units
It is very important when using the ideal gas equation that
the values are in the correct units.

The units of pressure, volume or temperature often need


to be converted before using the formula.

Pressure
to convert kPa to Pa: × 1000
Volume
to convert dm3 to m3: ÷ 1000 (103)
to convert cm3 to m3: ÷ 1 000 000 (106)
Temperature
to convert °C to Kelvin: + 273

15 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Calculating the Mr of gases

16 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Using the ideal gas equation

17 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Ideal gas calculations

18 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


19 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Types of formulae

The empirical formula of a compound shows the


relative numbers of atoms of each element present,
using the smallest whole numbers of atoms.

For example, the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide


is HO – the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 1:1.

The molecular formula of a compound gives the actual


numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule.

The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 – there


are two atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen in each
molecule.

20 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Determining empirical formulae

21 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Percentage by mass
Elemental analysis is an analytical technique used to
determine the percentage by mass of certain elements
present in a compound.

To work out the empirical


formula, the total mass of
the compound is
assumed to be 100 g, and
each percentage is turned
into a mass in grams.

If necessary, the mass of any elements not given by


elemental analysis is calculated. The empirical formula of
the compound can then be calculated as normal.

22 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Calculating empirical formulae

23 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Calculating molecular formulae
The molecular formula can be found by dividing the Mr by
the relative mass of the empirical formula.
Example: What is the molecular formula of hydrogen
peroxide given that its empirical formula is HO and
the Mr is 34?
1. Determine relative mass of empirical formula:
empirical formula mass = H + O = 1.0 + 16.0 = 17
2. Divide Mr by mass of empirical formula to get a multiple:
relative molecular mass = 34 = 2
multiple = 17
mass of empirical formula
3. Multiply empirical formula by multiple:
HO × 2 = H2O2

24 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Formulae calculations

25 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


26 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009
Glossary

27 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


What’s the keyword?

28 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009


Multiple-choice quiz

29 of 29 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

You might also like