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Basic Vibration Analysis I

The document discusses basic vibration analysis theory including: - Simple spring mass vibration systems and how they follow a sine curve pattern over time - Key vibration characteristics like frequency, amplitude, and phase angle and how they relate to what is vibrating, how much it is vibrating, and how it is vibrating - Common vibration transducers like proximity probes, velocity probes, and accelerometers and what parameters they measure - How vibration data is analyzed in the time and frequency domains using techniques like FFT to separate individual vibration frequencies and detect faults - Common machine faults that can be diagnosed from vibration analysis including unbalance, misalignment, bearing and gear defects

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SUNIL
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476 views

Basic Vibration Analysis I

The document discusses basic vibration analysis theory including: - Simple spring mass vibration systems and how they follow a sine curve pattern over time - Key vibration characteristics like frequency, amplitude, and phase angle and how they relate to what is vibrating, how much it is vibrating, and how it is vibrating - Common vibration transducers like proximity probes, velocity probes, and accelerometers and what parameters they measure - How vibration data is analyzed in the time and frequency domains using techniques like FFT to separate individual vibration frequencies and detect faults - Common machine faults that can be diagnosed from vibration analysis including unbalance, misalignment, bearing and gear defects

Uploaded by

SUNIL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Vibration Analysis

-I
Basic Theory Of Vibration
Simple Spring Mass System

Max Acc
Mim Vel
Upper
Limit

Displacement
Max Vel
Neutral Mim Acc
Position

Lower
Position Max Acc
Mim Vel

It follows sine curve.


Time Waveform
+
Heavy Spot

Amplitude
0 Time

Rotation
1 revolution

3600 RPM = 3600 cycles per minute


60 Hz = 60 cycles per second
1 Order = One times turning speed
Frequency & Amplitude

Frequency:
How many times oscillation is occurring
for a given time period?
Units: Cycles Per Sec or Hertz, CPM

Amplitude:
It is the magnitude of vibration signal.
Units: Micron, MM/Sec, g’s or M/Sec2
Physical Significance Of
Vibration Characteristics
Frequency - What is vibrating?
Source of the vibration.

Amplitude - How much is it vibrating?


Size (severity) of the problem.

Phase Angle - How is it vibrating?


Cause of the vibration.
Frequency Measurement

60 RPM
= 1 Rev / s
= 1 Hz
Amplitude Measurement
1. Displacement :
The distance a structure moves or vibrates
from its reference or rest position.
Unit : Microns(p-p), mils(p-p)
2. Velocity :
Rate of change of displacement. It is the
measure of the speed at which the mass is
vibrating during its oscillation.
Unit : MM/Sec, Inch/sec (RMS or Peak)
3. Acceleration :
It is the rate of change of velocity. The
greater the rate of change of velocity the
greater the forces (F=ma) on the machines.
Unit : M/Sec2, Inch/sec2 , g’s (RMS)
A

B
C a
t

b
t

c
t
+

d
Physical Significance Of Vibration
Amplitude

Displacement : Stress Indicator

Velocity : Fatigue Indicator

Acceleration : Force Indicator


When To Use Disp., Vel. & Acc.?
VIBRATION
SENSITIVITY DISPLACEMENT

10

VELOCITY
.1

.01

.001
ACCELERATION

60 600 6000 60000 600 000 FREQUENCY


CPM
What Is The Advantage Of Using
Velocity?
• Flat frequency range compared to
displacement & acceleration.
• Almost all machines generate
fault frequency between 600CPM to
60KCPM
• Velocity indicates fatigue.
• Velocity is the best indicator of
vibration severity.
Scales Of Amplitude

Peak
RMS

Peak to Peak
Av.

Peak - a
Peak to Peak - 2a
RMS - 0.707 a
Average - 0.637 a
Vibration Transducers

Produces electrical signal of vibratory motion

Proximity Probe - Displacement


Velocity Probe - Velocity
Accelerometer - Acceleration
Proximity Probe
• Permanently installed on large machines with sleeve
bearings.
• Measures relative displacement between the bearing
housing(probe tip) and the rotating shaft.
• Called Eddy Current Probe
• Frequency range 0 to 60,000 CPM
Velocity Probe
• Oldest of all.
• Produces signal proportional to velocity.
• Self generating and needs no conditioning electronics.
• It is heavy, complex and expensive.
• Frequency response from 600CPM to 60,000CPM
• Temperature sensitive
Accelerometer
• Produces signal proportional to acceleration
of seismic mass.
• Extremely linear amplitude sense.
• Large Frequency range
• Smaller in size
Time Waveform
+
Heavy Spot

Amplitude
0 Time

Rotation
1 revolution

3600 RPM = 3600 cycles per minute


60 Hz = 60 cycles per second
1 Order = One times turning speed
Time Waveform +

Amplitude
0 Time

1000 RPM 1 revolution

4 blades = Vibration occurs 4 times per revolution


4 X 1000 RPM = Vibration occurs at 4000 cycles per minute
= 4000 CPM
Time Waveform +

Amplitude
0 Time

-
12 tooth gear

1 revolution
1000 RPM

12 teeth are meshing every revolution of the gear


12 x 1000 RPM = vibration occurs at 12,000 cycles per minute
= 12,000 cpm = 200 Hz
Time Waveform
+

- Time

0
Time
-

0 Time

-
Time Waveform
+

0 Time

Time Waveform contains all the different


frequencies mixed together.
Time Waveform

Example of a time waveform


Signal Acquisition
Transducer Waveform

Amplitude
Overall
Energy Time

FFT
Spectrum

Amplitude

Frequency
Frequency Domain
• FFT - Fast Fourier Transform
• Separates individual frequencies
• Detects how much vibration at each
frequency
FFT Signal Processing
Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude
y
Tim e nc
u
e eq
Fr
+
Frequency Domain
0 Time

- Frequency
1x

0
Time

- Frequency
4x

0 Time
Frequency
- 12x
A Typical FFT Spectrum

Many distinct peaks


A Typical FFT Spectrum

Specific peaks typically correlate to


Specific machine faults
Related to machine speed
Phase
What Is Phase?
Phase is a measure of relative time difference between two sine
waves.
Importance Of Phase
• Phase is a relative measurement.
• Provides information how one part of a machine is vibrating
compared to other.
• Confirmatory tool for problems like-
1. Unbalance
2. Misalignment
3. Eccentric Rotor, Bent Shaft.
4. Mechanical Looseness, Structural Weakness, Soft Foot.
5. Resonance.
6. Cocked bearing.

• No correlation with Bearing defects, Gear defects,


Electrical motor defect.
How Phase Angle Is Measured?

The Phase Angle is the angle (in degrees) the


shaft travels from the start of data collection to
when the sensor experiences maximum positive
force.

For example, the phase angle is 90° if the sensor


experiences its maximum positive force at 90°
after data collection was initiated by the
tachometer.
Diagnosing Machine Faults
• Unbalance
• Misalignment
• General looseness or wear
• Bearing defects
• Gear defects
• Belt defects
• Electrical Faults
• Journal Bearing Faults
• Resonance
Unbalance
What is unbalance?
• The force created by a rotating body when
its center of mass is offset from its center of
rotation Center of Mass = Center of Rotation

Heavy Spot

Center of Mass Center of Shaft

Rotation
Causes of unbalance

• Improper assembly
• Material Buildup
• Wear
• Broken or missing parts
Characteristics of unbalance

– High radial peaks at 1X shaft RPM


– Low axial vibration at 1X shaft RPM
– Low harmonics of shaft RPM
– 1X RPM sinusoidal pattern in the time
waveform
– Can cause other faults to appear, especially
looseness
Unbalance
Imbalance typically appears at
the turning speed of the machine

Imbalance
Unbalance
• Radial vibration at 1X
shaft RPM is much
more significant than
in the axial direction

Freq: 60.04 Hz
Order: 1.010
Spec: .390

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