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BITS Pilani: ME/MF F213 Materials Science and Engineering

This document discusses crystal defects in materials science and engineering. It classifies crystal defects as zero-dimensional (point defects), one-dimensional (line defects like dislocations), two-dimensional (planar defects like grain boundaries), and three-dimensional (volume defects like voids). Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and substitutional defects. Line defects are discussed as edge and screw dislocations. The influence of defects on material properties and plastic deformation is described. Strengthening mechanisms like work hardening and grain size reduction are also summarized.

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Ayush N Deshmukh
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55 views

BITS Pilani: ME/MF F213 Materials Science and Engineering

This document discusses crystal defects in materials science and engineering. It classifies crystal defects as zero-dimensional (point defects), one-dimensional (line defects like dislocations), two-dimensional (planar defects like grain boundaries), and three-dimensional (volume defects like voids). Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and substitutional defects. Line defects are discussed as edge and screw dislocations. The influence of defects on material properties and plastic deformation is described. Strengthening mechanisms like work hardening and grain size reduction are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Ayush N Deshmukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME/MF F213 Materials Science and Engineering

Lecture 3

BITS Pilani Murali Palla


I/C: Sachin U. Belgamwar
Pilani Campus
Module 3: Crystal Defects

3. Crystal imperfections such as Point, L3.1 Classification of crystal defects, T 4.1-4.6. Diffusion process, grain
line, planer and volume defects. Influence point defects, vacancies, interstitials, RL.M3.1LI boundary strengthening,
of crystal defects on properties of vacancy concentration and influence of ASTM grain size
materials. point defect on properties of materials. number. Effect of
L3.2. Line defects-edge dislocation, screw T 4.6-4.11 dislocation on
dislocation, Burger vector. Influence of RL.M3L2 formability.
line defects on plastic deformation of and M3L3
materials and deformation by slip and
Planer defects- tilt boundaries, twin
boundaries, grain boundaries and surfaces.
Influence of planer defect, strengthening
mechanisms twinning,
T3. Exercise problems on crystal T4
imperfections and its effect.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


Defects in Crystals

Crystal Defects Classification


Zero Dimensional One Dimensional Two Dimensional Three Dimensional
❖Vacancies ❖Dislocations ➢Surfaces ➢Voids
❖Interstitials ❖Edge & Screw ➢Grain ➢Precipitates
❖Frenkel boundaries ➢Inclusions
❖Schottky defects ➢Interphase
❖Substitutional boundaries
➢Twin boundaries
➢Stacking faults
➢Cracks

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Zero Dimensional Defects

Frenkel defect

Shottky defect

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


One Dimensional Defects

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Plasticity Mechanism

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Slip Mechanism

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Burgers Vector

Edge dislocation Screw dislocation

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Pierls-Nabarro stress

The resistance to dislocation motion

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Slip Systems

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Strengthening Mechanisms

• Alloying
• Cold working
• Precipitation hardening
• Grain size reduction
• Quenching-> Martensitic
phase transformation
• …

To impart strength to materials,


we need to increase resistance
for dislocation motion.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Two Dimensional Defects

Tilt and Twist grain boundaries

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


ASTM grain size

ASTM Grain Size Number


Number of
grains per
square inch
when viewed
at 100X
Magnification

Hall Petch relationship

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Twin Boundary

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Three Dimensional Defects

Precipitates in Superalloy Microstructure

Voids seen on a ductile fracture micrograph

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Discussion Q&A

• Structure sensitive properties


• Characterization of defects and structure
• Thermodynamics of defects

Probability of finding a defect

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Structure Determination
X-Ray Diffraction

Single Crystal Polycrystal


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Structure Determination
X-Ray Diffraction

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Metallography

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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