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Operant Conditioning Is "Learning According To Consequences."

Operant conditioning involves reinforcing behaviors through consequences. Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishment are less likely to be repeated. Positive reinforcement increases behaviors by adding a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement also increases behaviors by removing an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment decreases behaviors by adding an unpleasant consequence for an action.

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Maria Elizabeth Smith
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149 views

Operant Conditioning Is "Learning According To Consequences."

Operant conditioning involves reinforcing behaviors through consequences. Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishment are less likely to be repeated. Positive reinforcement increases behaviors by adding a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement also increases behaviors by removing an unpleasant stimulus. Punishment decreases behaviors by adding an unpleasant consequence for an action.

Uploaded by

Maria Elizabeth Smith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning is
“learning according to consequences.”

Behaviors that are rewarded (reinforced) are


more likely to be repeated.

Behaviors that are punished are less likely


to be repeated.

First developed by B.F. Skinner, Operant Conditioning


is an important part of Behaviorism and Learning Theory
Positive Negative
Add Take Away
Something Something

Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Reward
(Reinforcement) Add Wanted Thing to Take Away Unwanted Thing to
Increases Reward Reward
the behavior

Punishment Positive Negative


Decreases
the behavior
Punishment Punishment
Add Unwanted Thing to Take Away Wanted Thing to
Punish Punish
Positive Negative
Add Take Away
Something Something

W
Ye

he
ah

w
!

!
Reward
Take Away
(Reinforcement)
Bad Thing
Increases
the behavior
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

No
Punishment uc

o
h!

o!
Decreases
the behavior
Take Away
Good Thing

Positive Punishment Negative Punishment


Positive
Add
Something

O
Punishment uc
Decreases h!
the behavior

Positive Punishment
Negative
Take Away
Something

No
Punishment

oo!
Decreases
the behavior
Take Away
Good Thing

Negative Punishment
Negative
Take Away
Something

W
he
w
!
Reward Take Away
(Reinforcement) Bad Thing
Increases
the behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Positive
Add
Something

Ye
ah
!
Reward
(Reinforcement)
Increases
the behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Horsemanship Examples
Positive = Negative =
Something is Something is
added taken away

Reinforcement
(Reward)
Increases the
behavior

Punishment
Decreases the
behavior
Positive Negative
Add Take Away
Something Something

Reward
(Reinforcement)
Increases
the behavior Boss gives big bonus for doing Boss stands over you and yells at you
excellent work. until you fix your mistake.

Punishment
Decreases
the behavior

Boss smacks you, because you Boss takes away your bonus,
said that you didn’t like him. because you broke a rule.
VS.
Human Examples
Positive = Negative =
Something is Something is
added taken away

Reinforcement
(Reward) A bonus or award for Boss stops yelling at us
Increases the doing a great job at work. when we do more.
behavior

Punishment
Decreases the
behavior

Boss criticizes us in front Boss cuts our bonus in


of others for mistake. half for being late to work.
Punishment: Pros vs Cons
Pros Cons
 Creates immediate, short-term  Not useful for teaching new skills or
suppression of undesirable or encouraging behavior.
dangerous behavior
 Does not get rid of unwanted
behaviors. Only suppresses them.
Dangerous patterns occur when
person mistakenly creates the unsafe  Stress of punishment slows
situation and then punishes the horse learning process
to keep control and stay safe.
 Increases fight, flight, freeze, and
refuse responses
 Decreases the desire to cooperate
 Higher chances of physical injury
and mental issues
 Horse gets desensitized to
punishment and it takes
increasingly higher levels of
pressure to get same results
Reinforcement (Reward)
Pos. Reinforcement Neg. Reinforcement
Add something good. Remove something unwanted.

 Reward triggers chemical of  The “rider’s aids” and “pressure


dopamine in brain for feelings of and release” fall into this category
personal pride and pleasure
 Can have same negative side
 Outstanding motivator! Builds effects as punishment over time
“game show” enthusiasm in learner
 If horse can’t control “turning off”
 Good attitudes at work mean more the unwanted pressure, LEARNED
gets done with higher quality HELPLESSNESS is taught (gives
up and copes with pressure)
 Increases learning and memory
 If unwanted pressure is used as
 Most effective for teaching new softly as possible and eventually
skills and gaining understanding not needed at all, this is called
 Increases effort, dedication, and ACTIVE AVOIDANCE and is ideal
loyalty in worker/student (a.k.a. invisible aids)
The Ideal Training Process
1. Build rapport & leadership. 4. Give him what he needs
In every interaction, we are all according to his response.
forming opinions about other individuals If he tries, reward him. If he is
and the nature of our relationship with reactive, calm him and ask him for
them. It’s on going. It’s not an event. something easy to build confidence. If
he hesitates, politely ask again with more
information (not necessarily more
2. Tell the horse what you want pressure).
with language, not discomfort.
Communication is two or more
individuals sharing and understanding an 5. Shape the behavior.
idea. Adding pressure to motivate the Teach the new task by separating it
horse at this point kills rapport and trust. into small, easy pieces. Then add
difficulty to each piece, or string them
together. Every right answer is a building
3. “Listen” to his response. block to creating the end goal.
If he’s calm, connected, and
understands, he will try. If he’s expecting *** If there is trouble with motivation, use
punishment, he will fight, flee, freeze, or psychology and change timing or nature
refuse. If he’s calm but confused, he’ll of the rewards. Punishment does not
ask a question. work for teaching or increasing behavior.

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