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This document provides an overview of the basics of digital photography. It discusses key concepts like pixels, camera types, bit depth, metering, histograms, aperture, depth of field, shutter speed, ISO, and white balance. Understanding these fundamentals can help minimize time spent taking and editing photos by ensuring proper exposure from the beginning.

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53 views

DP Presentation

This document provides an overview of the basics of digital photography. It discusses key concepts like pixels, camera types, bit depth, metering, histograms, aperture, depth of field, shutter speed, ISO, and white balance. Understanding these fundamentals can help minimize time spent taking and editing photos by ensuring proper exposure from the beginning.

Uploaded by

gadez
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY

BASICS

THE BASICS
-getting the picture you want
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
 HOBBY
 PART OF documentation
 Understanding of the basics will minimize
time consuming picture taking and editing
OUTLINE

 THE BASICS
 Pixel
 Camera Types
 Bit Depth
 Metering
 Histogram
 Aperture
 Depth of Field
 Movement/Screen Capture
THE BASICS – PIXEL (fundamental unit for all
digital images)
 “PICture ELement”

• Each PIXEL contains a series of numbers w/c


describes its COLOR & INTENSITY
• MORE pixels, MORE details
CAMERA TYPES

Point and shoot cameras


Digital video cameras
Professional cameras

Prosumer cameras Novelty Cameras


Specialty cameras
Difference from Film Camera
 Instead of film, digital cameras use a solid-state
device called an image sensor, usually a charge-
couple device (CCD).
 On surface of each of these fingernail-sized
silicon chips
 Is a grid containing hundreds of thousands or millions
of photosensitive diodes called photosites,
photoelements, or pixels.
 Each photosite captures a single pixel in the
photograph to be.
LENS
-brings light from the scene into
focus inside the camera so it can
expose an image

APERTURE
-hole that can be made smaller
or larger to control the amount of
light entering the camera
-F value (i.e f/8.0)
-Larger aperture=smaller f value

SHUTTER
device that can be opened or
closed to control the length of
time the light enters.
BIT DEPTH

24 bit

12 bit

8 bit
BIT DEPTH –SHADE OF COLOR
quantifies how many unique colors are available in an image's color palette in
terms of the number of 0's and 1's, or "bits," which are used to specify each
color

Number of Common
Bits Per Pixel
Colors Available Name(s)

1 2 Monochrome
2 4 CGA
4 16 EGA
8 256 VGA

16 65536 XGA, High Color

SVGA, True
24 16777216
Color
16777216 +
32  
Transparency
48 281 Trillion  
CAMERA METERING
how your digital camera meters light is critical for achieving consistent and accurate
exposures.
Metering
brains behind how your camera determines the shutter speed and
aperture, based on lighting conditions and ISO speed.
include partial, evaluative zone or matrix, center-weighted and spot
metering. Each of these have subject lighting conditions for which they excel-- and
for which they fail.
Understanding these can improve one's photographic intuition for how a
camera measures light
All in-camera light meters have a fundamental flaw: they can only measure reflected
light. This means the best they can do is guess how much light is actually hitting
the subject.
All in-camera light meters have a fundamental flaw: they can only measure reflected
light. This means the best they can do is guess how much light is actually hitting
the subject.
In order to accurately expose a greater range of subject lighting and reflectance
combinations, most cameras feature several metering options.
Each option works by assigning a weighting to different light regions; those with a highe
weighting are considered more reliable, and thus contribute more to the final exposure
calculation.

CENTER PARTIAL SPOT


HISTOGRAM
HISTOGRAM
 Understanding image histograms is probably the
single most important concept to become
familiar with when working with pictures from a
digital camera
 can tell you whether or not your image has been
properly exposed,
 whether the lighting is harsh or flat, and what
adjustments will work
 It will not only improve your skills on the
computer, but as a photographer as well
 Each pixel – combination of red, green, blue
(RGB)
 Each of these colors can have a brightness value
ranging from 0 to 255 for a digital image with a
bit depth of 8-bits
 A RGB histogram results when the computer
scans through each of these RGB brightness
values and counts how many are at each level
from 0 through 255
HISTOGRAMS WILL INDICATE EXPOSURE
HISTOGRAMS WILL INDICATE CONTRAST
WHITE BALANCE
White balance (WB)
 is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects
which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo.
 Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color
temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth
or coolness of white light.
 Our eyes are very good at judging what is white under different
light sources, however digital cameras often have great difficulty
with auto white balance (AWB).
 An incorrect WB can create unsightly blue, orange, or even green
color casts, which are unrealistic and particularly damaging to
portraits.
 Performing WB in traditional film photography requires attaching a
different cast-removing filter for each lighting condition, whereas
with digital this is no longer required.
 Understanding digital white balance can help you avoid
color casts created by your camera's AWB, thereby
improving your photos under a wider range of lighting
conditions.
WB & COLOR TEMPERATURE
Color
temperature
describes the
spectrum of
light which is
radiated from a
"blackbody"
with that
surface
temperature.

Color Temperature Light Source


1000-2000 K Candlelight
2500-3500 K Tungsten Bulb (household variety)
3000-4000 K Sunrise/Sunset (clear sky)
4000-5000 K Fluorescent Lamps
5000-5500 K Electronic Flash
5000-6500 K Daylight with Clear Sky (sun overhead)
6500-8000 K Moderately Overcast Sky
9000-10000 K Shade or Heavily Overcast Sky
AUTOMATIC WB DAYLIGHT WB
                               Auto White Balance

                         Custom

 
                   Kelvin

                Tungsten

             

 
Fluorescent

              Daylight

         Flash

       

                   Cloudy

                   Shade
APERTURE

 To understand how aperture works on a camera it helps to compare it to


the pupil of the human eye.
 Less light there is, the wider you open your pupil,
 if there is a lot of light it narrows down to a small opening and blocks the
amount of incoming light.
 The aperture on a camera, which is measured in f-stops, does exactly the
same thing by controlling the amount of light that reaches the CCD.
 Lower f-stop numbers (e.g. 2.8) widen the aperture and allow more light to
get to the CCD,
 higher f-stop numbers (16 or 22) limit the amount of light by making the
camera's aperture smaller.
 Aperture openings also control depth of field.
Smaller aperture openings keep a larger part of the image in sharp focus
while larger aperture openings will keep the subject or focal point pin-
sharp while the rest of the image remains blurred. This effect is even more
obvious with tele lenses as they have smaller depths of field than wide-
angles
DEPTH OF FIELD
SAME LENS
SAME DISTANCE

SMALL APERTURE LARGER APERTURE


f/8 f/2
Smaller aperture openings keep a larger part of the image in sharp focus while larger aperture
openings will keep the subject or focal point pin-sharp while the rest of the image remains
blurred.
SHUTTER SPEED
The shorter the time that the shutter is open the sharper the photo will be.
SHUTTER
SPEED
TRIPOD
1/250 sec

TRIPOD
1/20 sec

CAMERA PAN
1/20 sec
Application-shutter speed

1/90 sec
Computer Screen – 1/20 sec
TV screen = 1/30 sec
ISO
 ISO sensitivity expresses the speed of photographic negative
materials (formerly expressed as ASA).
 Since digital cameras do not use film but use image sensors instead,
the ISO equivalent is usually given.
 What ISO denotes is how sensitive the image sensor is to the
amount of light present.
 The higher the ISO, the more sensitive the image
sensor and therefore the possibility to take
pictures in low-light situations.
 And, where you would have needed to physically change to a
different roll of film if you wanted a different ISO speed, digital
technology allows you to simply dial one in. In this way, you can
record images taken at different ISO speeds on the same memory
card.

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