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Memory can be defined as the mental processes used to receive, encode, store, and retrieve information over time. There are two common models of memory - the traditional three-stage model involving sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and the encoding, storage, and retrieval model. We forget due to factors like serial position effects, interference, and failure of encoding or retrieval processes. Problems with memory can stem from organic causes like injury or disease, or constructive processes involving eyewitness testimony or repressed memories.

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halleyworld
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54 views

Memory HTML

Memory can be defined as the mental processes used to receive, encode, store, and retrieve information over time. There are two common models of memory - the traditional three-stage model involving sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and the encoding, storage, and retrieval model. We forget due to factors like serial position effects, interference, and failure of encoding or retrieval processes. Problems with memory can stem from organic causes like injury or disease, or constructive processes involving eyewitness testimony or repressed memories.

Uploaded by

halleyworld
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY

MEMORY - KEY POINTS


• What is memory?
• What are the two common memory models?
• Why do we forget?
• What are some noted problems with
memory?
• How can we improve our memory?
Definition of Memory
• An internal record or representation of some
prior event or experience
• A set of mental processes that receives,
encodes, stores, organizes, alters and
retrieves information over time
Two Common Memory Models
• Traditional three-stage memory model
• Encoding, storage and retrieval approach
Traditional Three-Stage Model
• Model focuses on storing information for
different lengths of time
• Three stages are sensory, short-term
memory and long-term memory
Sensory Memory
• Purpose: to retain exact image of sensory
information long enough to focus on
important info and transfer it to next stage
• All senses have a sensory memory
• Duration depends on the sense involved
• Capacity is relatively large
Short-Term Memory
• Purpose - temporarily stores info until it is
sent to LTM
• Duration - relatively limited
• Capacity: 5 to 9 items
• Duration and capacity can be increased with
maintenance rehearsal and/or chunking
• Also known as “working memory”
Long Term Memory
• Purpose is to keep info stored for long
periods of time
• Unlimited capacity and duration
Memory Process Model
• Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Model

• How is info changed as it moves through


these operations?

• Process can be compared to a computer


Encoding
Process of translating info into neural codes
that will be retained in memory
Storage
The process of retaining neural coded info
over time
Retrieval
The process of recovering info from memory
storage
Encoding and the 3 Stage Model
• Organization
– STM and chunking
– LTM and hierarchies
• Rehearsal
– STM and shallow processing
– LTM and elaborative processing
Storage and the 3 Stage Model
• Varieties of LTM
– Explicit/Declarative
– Implicit/nondeclarative
Explicit/Declarative Memory
• Memories with conscious recall
– Semantic (general knowledge)
– Episodic (personal experiences)
Implicit/Nondeclarative/
Procedural Memory

Memory without awareness

Procedures involved in habits


Retrieval and the 3 Stage Model
• Retrieval Cues - trigger the retrieval process
– Recognition
– Recall
• Encoding Specificity Principle
– Context
– Mood congruence
– State dependent retrieval
Factors that Contribute to
Forgetting
• Serial Position Effect
– Primacy
– Recency
• Spacing of practice
– Massed practice
– Distributed practice
Theories of Forgetting
• Decay Theory
• Interference Theory
– Proactive interference
– Retroactive interference
• Encoding Failure
• Retrieval Failure Theory
Key Memory Problems
• Organic Causes
– Injury
– Disease
• Constructive Processes
– Eyewitness Testimony
– Repressed Memories

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