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Class4 Hyp

Here are the variables I identified in this situation: Independent variables (IV): - Working conditions - Pay scales - Vacation benefits - Side incomes Dependent variable (DV): - Employee morale The manager hypothesizes that improving working conditions, pay scales, and vacation benefits will positively impact employee morale. However, she also hypothesizes that increasing pay scales will not impact morale for employees with good side incomes. Here is a concept map showing the relationships: Side incomes / \ Pay scales Working conditions & vacation benefits | | | | Employee morale Employee morale The problem statement could be: The manager wants to improve low employee morale

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harsimran
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33 views

Class4 Hyp

Here are the variables I identified in this situation: Independent variables (IV): - Working conditions - Pay scales - Vacation benefits - Side incomes Dependent variable (DV): - Employee morale The manager hypothesizes that improving working conditions, pay scales, and vacation benefits will positively impact employee morale. However, she also hypothesizes that increasing pay scales will not impact morale for employees with good side incomes. Here is a concept map showing the relationships: Side incomes / \ Pay scales Working conditions & vacation benefits | | | | Employee morale Employee morale The problem statement could be: The manager wants to improve low employee morale

Uploaded by

harsimran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYPOTHESES

HYPOTHESES

A logical relationship between two or


more variables expressed in the form
of a testable statement.
It is an intelligent guess of the probable
solution to the problem.
They are derived from the theoretical
framework formulated for the research.

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TYPES of HYPOTHESES

1) Null

2) Alternate

a) Non directional

b) Directional

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Meaning … Null Hypothesis

Null hypothesis assumes no difference


or no relationship between the two
hypothesized variables.
It indicates unbiased attitude of the
researcher to the research.

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It is represented as Ho.
It is a statement which can be tested
Statistically .
When previous research literature is not
available sufficiently or it does not give a
clear cut direction, it is better to frame a
hypothesis in null form.

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Examples…

1) There is no significant difference in the


sales of the product before & after new
packaging.

2) There is no significant relationship


between TV viewership & aggression among
teenagers.

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Meaning … Alternate Hypothesis

It assumes some difference or some


relationship between the hypothesized
variables.

When sufficient research literature is


available indicating definite difference or
relationship, alternate hypothesis is
formulated.

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It is represented as H1 .

It can be tested statistically as null


hypothesis.

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Examples…

1) The performance of motivated


employees is significantly different than
those who are not motivated.

2) The sales of a product is significantly


related to the expenditure on the
advertisement.

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3) The debt equity ratio of org. ABC
is significantly higher than that of
org. XYZ .
4) The level of motivation of male
employees is significantly lower than
that of female employees.

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Types of Alternate Hypotheses

Examples no. 1 & 2 belong to one category

AND
Examples no. 3 & 4 belong to other category.

Can you differentiate between these two???

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Explanation…

Examples 1 & 2 tell us that they do differ


from 3 & 4. But do not tell us which
variable in statement 1 & 2 has a higher
value than the other. It does not tell us
the DIRECTION of magnitude.

Hence they are known as


NON - DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES.

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Whereas examples 3 & 4 not only tell us
that the variables mentioned therein are
not equal in magnitude but also tell us
which variable is having a higher
magnitude . They provide us the direction
of the magnitude .
Hence they are known as
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES.

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Let’s check our understanding…..

Frame different types of hypotheses for


following problems …

1. A study of relationship between good


supervision and training on production level
of the workers.

2. A study of effectiveness of sachet & bottle


packaging of shampoo in terms of consumer
preference.

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Relationship between
Hypotheses & Theory
Hypothesis ----- HYPO & THESIS
Hypo = Below or Less than
Thesis = Theory
Hypothesis means a proposition which is
at a lower level than a theory.
Hypothesis which are tested & retained
many times will lead to the formulation of
a theory. Theory which is proven true
many times leads to the formulation of a
law.

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Review of Related Literature
Literature survey is important because it …

 gives you the work done in the past.

 helps you identify the variables studied before.

 gives you the research designs previously used.

 helps you to formulate the hypotheses.

 cautions you about the possible problems in future.

 avoids unnecessary repetition.

 leads us to sound theoretical or conceptual framework.

 helps you to identify research gaps (issues raised by the


review) 16
Sources of Literature Survey

 Internet
 Library ( books, journals, year books,
encyclopedia)
 Govt. Reports (commissions , Plan & policy
documents, census)
 Unpublished research ( Degree level work)
 Company documents ( annual reports,
budgets, key note addresses , AGM minutes)
 Conference proceedings
 Other databases

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Related literature helps the researcher
in constructing a Concept Map which
is a schematic representation of the
relationship of different variables
involved in the study.

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CONCEPT MAP

EXPERIENCE JOB
SATISFACTION

CONFIDENCE
SKILL SET

PERFORMANCE
TRAINING
EDU & PROF
QUALIFICATION
BLUE---IV MORALE
YELLOW---MV HEALTH AGE
PINK---IVV
GREEN---DV
MOTIVATION

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Exercise 6

List and label the variables in the following situation.


Explain the relationships among the variables and
diagram them. What might be the problem statement or
problem definition for the situation?
The manager of Haines Company observes that the
morale of employees in her company is low. She thinks
that if the working conditions, the pay scales, and the
vacation benefits of the employees are bettered, morale
will improve. She doubts, though, that increasing the
pay scales is going to raise the morale of all employees.
Her guess is that those with good side incomes will just
not be “turned on” by higher pay. However, those
without side incomes will be happy with increased pay
and their morale will improve.

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