A presentation by

MARIA ANA PULIDO

Civil Engineer
Urban Planner
M & E Expert

Enhancing Capacities of Environmental

Planners
SETTING the bar HIGH in the planning practice
LECTURE 1

Environmental PLANNING
Key Concepts in environmental planning
 Cities: Challenge
Four Major or Opportunity?
Planning Methods
Crucial questions about human activities within a given
community:
QUESTIONS TOOLS

Who are they? demographic analysis

What do they do? economic analysis
Where do these activities land use analysis
occur?
How are human activities transportation
connected spatially?" analysis
 What is Planning?
• PLANNING is the process of
• Understanding the types of DECISIONS that need to be made
• Assessing OPPORTUNITIES and LIMITATIONS of the future
• Identifying the short-and-long-term consequences of alternative
choices designed to take advantage of these opportunities or respond
to these limitations.
• Relating alternative decisions to the GOALS and OBJECTIVES
established for an urban area, agency or firm.
• Expressing this information to decision makers in a readily
understandable and useful form.
• The primary purpose of planning is to generate information useful to
decision makers on consequences of alternative actions
 Definition of Professional Planning
• Planning is a sequence of deliberate purposeful actions designed
to solve problems systematically, by foreseeing and guiding
change through rational decisions, reconciling public and private
aims, and arbitrating between competing social, economic,
political and physical forces.

• Planning allocates scarce resources, particularly land and other

resources, in such a manner as to obtain the maximum
practicable efficiency and benefit, for individuals and for society
as a whole, while respecting the needs of Nature and the
requirements of a sustainable future.
 Definition of Professional Planning

• Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of

identifying different elements and aspects of the environment,
determining their present state and interaction, projecting them
in concert throughout a period of time in the future and
formulating and programming a set of actions or interventions to
attain desired results. Planning pays particular attention to the
location, form, intensity and effect of human activities on the
built and un-built environments, anticipating change, and
managing such change sustainably.
Legal Definition of Environmental Planning
• “refers to activities connected with the management
and development of land, as well as the preservation,
conservation and management of the human
environment”
– Presidential Decree No. 1308, March 2, 1978

• Objective is to liberate communities from urban blight

and congestion and promote ecological balance
– PD 933, series of 1976, Decree Creating the Human
Settlements Commission, later HSRC, later HLURB
 Rationale of Town and Country Planning
1. It would avoid unnecessary implementation expenditures in
terms of money, effort and time that will possibly comes about
in a planning process that follows a trial and error method.
2. It would enable the area to have a rational and sound basis for
reclassifying land uses that are consistent with legal,
environmental, sociological, political and economic
consideration that ensures its smooth passage and approval by l
by concerned national and local agencies such as the local
Sanggunian, Sanggunian Panlalawigan, HLURB, etc.
3. It would serve as basis for enacting a zoning ordinance to
ensure a more balanced and orderly spatial development.
 Rationale of Town and Country Planning
4. It allows the introduction of new trends in planning and
management of territories that are dynamic and responsive to
the need of the place.

5. It ensures that development would take a sustainable path,

which means the future generation of the municipal population
can benefit from the town’s resource base.

6. The plan will facilitate the sourcing of funds for the

implementation of recommended programs and projects.
 Definition of Town Planning
Planning
– the making of an orderly sequence of action that will lead to the
achievement of a stated goal or goals. (Peter Hall)
– a deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different
elements and aspects of the environment, determining their present state
and interaction, projecting them in concert through a period of time in
the future, and formulating and programming a set of actions and plans
to attain desired results.
Town Planning
– the art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and
communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of
autonomy, convenience and beauty (L. Keeble)
– an attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us in creating a
civilized physical background for human life whose main impetus is
foreseeing and guiding change (Thomas Sharp and Brian McLoughlin).
– Concerned with providing the right site, at the right time, in the right
place, for the right people (John Ratcliffe)
 Urban & Well Run

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 Goals or KRAs of Generic
Planning Strategies
• Efficiency Engineering &
Entrepreneurial innovation
• Effectiveness Enforcement of policies

• Ecology Equilibrium and balance

• Equity Evenhandedness
• Empowerment of Education & Engagement
people of many sectors
Some Shifts in Modern Planning
• Before, Product-Oriented; now
Process-Oriented. Planning process is
as important as planning output.
• Before, All-Inclusive; now Strategic
• Before, Compartmental due to
administrative boundaries; now
Integrated (Trans-border)
• Before, “Agency-led”; now
“Community-Based”
• Before, “Top-Down”; now “Bottom-
Up”
• Before, Open Participation; now
Focused Participation
 Attributes of Planning Process
• SCIENCE AND ART – requires quantifiable tools as
well as subjective creativity
• MULTI-DISCIPLINARY Requires the expertise of
various disciplines; economics; engineering;
sociology; architecture; law; geography etc.
• COMPREHENSIVE: Covers all aspects of
man/women and his/her environment; physical,
social, economics, political administration and the
natural environment. Participatory
• DYNAMIC: Changes overtime, technological
change; cultural norms and traditions; not static;
responsive to new demands and needs of people.
 Attributes of Planning Process
• CONTINUOUS / ITERATIVE: Plan is prepared,
approved, implemented; reviewed and evaluated;
replan again based on new demands of the time.
• PARTICIPATORY: values the engagement of
MULTI-SECTORAL stakeholders.
• CYCLIC / SPIRAL: Unending process; Always goes
back to where it started; Were the problems solved?
Goals and objectives attained? At what level of
satisfaction?
• TIME BOUND: Plan must have a time perspective;
short, medium, long range; Basis for plan review and
assessment.
 Levels of Planning
• Scope or Coverage of Planning
Narrow: Perspective, Concept, Framework
Moderate: Framework Structure, Developmental
Broad: Integrated, Comprehensive, Detailed

• Timeframe/Duration of Plan
Short Term 1-3 years (e.g. expenditure plan)
Medium Term 5-7 years (e.g. development plan)
Long Range 10-20 years (e.g. CLUP)
20-50 years (e.g. Masterplan)
Time-horizon of the envisaged future varies according to the type and
level of planning
 Levels of Planning
Sectors of Sub-Sectors Scale of Planning
Planning (Macro, Meso, Micro)
Economic Tourism Local (City/Municipal/Provincial/District)
Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries
Industry
Commerce & Trade
Social Residential/Housing Local (City/Municipal/Provincial/District)
Schools
Social Welfare Services
Health
Population Management
Sports and Recreation
Parks and Natural Amenities
Protective Services
Physical Infrastructure National / Sub-National / Metropolitan
Transport Network
Utilities: Power & Water Supplies
Communications
Sewerage & Solid Waste
 Levels of Planning

Sectors of Sub-Sectors Scale of Planning

Planning (Macro, Meso, Micro)

Environmental Land Use Regional / Sub-Regional / Micro-Regional

Natural Resources
Natural Hazards
Air and Water Quality
Pollution
Institutional Fiscal Management Local (City/Municipal/Provincial/District)
Governance
Civil Society (NGOs, Pos)
Manpower, Human Resource Development
 Common Definitions
• SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and subject
to common-thematic type of planning.
• PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to achieve
the functions/objectives of a sector. Programs describe in detail the kind and quantities
of resources to be used.
• PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and
facilities within a limited area within a given time period. A project deals with goods
and services significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and local
development plans.
• CONCEPT PLAN the output of the first stage activities in the preparation of a
development plan. It consists of an overall growth pattern, strategy, sectoral policies
and population and employment target and forecasts.
• DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements accompanied by maps,
illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become and
how it wants to develop. It is essentially composed of community goals, objectives,
policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan which translates the
various sectoral plans.
• CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or opinion which may be
or may not be followed.
 Common Definitions
• VALUES– something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of
person or group in which they have an emotional investment
• PRINCIPLES – axiomatic statements of how values are related and ranked in
relation to other values
• NORMS – broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they can
serve to regulate behavior
• STANDARDS– principles and norms formulated in such a way that they can
be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established measures for
determining or evaluating performance.
• GOALS– broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim;
always related to community/group situation or organizational structure
• OBJECTIVES – operational reformulation of goals so that they can be doable
or implementable for a defined period (e.g. project, cycle, phase, etc.)….
(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound or SMART)
LECTURE 1

Environmental PLANNING
URBANIZATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
 What is ‘Urban Place’?
• There is no commonly-agreed international definition of what constitutes
“urban”; it varies from country to country as the United Nations has left it to
individual countries.
– Sweden = at least 200 population
– United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled.
– Philippines = density at least 1,000 persons per sq.km or 10 persons per
hectare, with grid-iron or analogous settlement design
– India = at least 5,000, with 75% of adult males employed in non-agricultural
work
– Switzerland = at least 10,000 population
– Japan = at least 30,000 population
– Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to suit specific
purposes; China revised its census definitions with criteria that vary from
province to province causing their urban population to swell by 13 percent in
1983.
– Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban many areas even
though they are essentially ‘rural’ in character.
 Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’
• National Statistics Office -- operational rather than conceptual
definition
– Urban and Rural Areas - the same concepts used in the 1970, 1975,
1980, 1990, 2000, 2015 censuses were followed in classifying areas as
urban.
• According to these concepts, an area is considered urban if:
1. In their entirety all cities and municipalities having a population
density of at least 1,000 persons per square kilometer;
2. Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and cities
which have a population density of at least 500 persons per
square kilometer;
 Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’
3) Poblaciones or central districts (not included in 1 and 2), regardless of the
population size which have the following:
a) Street pattern, i.e., network of streets in either parallel or right angle
orientation;
b) At least six (6) establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational
and/or personal services); and
c) At least three of the following:
i. A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least once a
month;
ii. A public plaza, park or cemetery;
iii.A market place or building where trading activities are carried on at
least once a week;
iv.A public building like school, hospital, puericulture or health center and
library.
4. Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet the conditions set forth
in 3 above, and where the occupation of the inhabitants is predominantly non-
fishing.
All areas not falling under any of the above classifications are
considered rural.
 “Urban Place” versus “City”
• “Urban” is determined by physico-spatial, economic,
demographic and cultural characteristics
• While modern concept of “city” is defined by charter or Legal Act
after complying with income, territorial size, population,
referendum requirements.
• Some “urban” areas are not cities and might not qualify as cities,
e.g. poblaciones, town centers, Municipality of Pateros is
thoroughly ‘urban’ but not a city.
• City from civitat (community), civis (citizen), Old French ‘cite,’ in
ancient Greece, ‘polis’ for city-state
• Modern concept of City is “an important permanent settlement
possessing the characteristics of size, density and heterogeneity,
whose people are granted a substantial level of self-governance
by central authority by means of a Statute or ‘Charter’.”
 “Urban Place” versus “City”
• Both urban areas and cities are non-ubiquitous in geographical space and perform
functions over a service area. They reflect the level of a society’s development.
• Common characteristics of ‘Urban Place’ and ‘City’ are that they are aggregations of
people to better realize some activities and perform vital functions. Distinguishing
characteristics of urban are:
– Population size ➔ rural has relatively small population,
usually kinship-based.
– Population density ➔ rural population is dispersed, to be near
farms and fisheries.
– Cultural heterogeneity ➔ rural culture is rather homogenous, with
strong social controls.
– Multiple Functions ➔ rural tends to be self-contained, focused
on its own people & economy
– Level of Administration ➔ rural is concerned only of its territory while
urban administers multiple jurisdictions.
 What is a ‘Region’?
• Region refers to a city or central place plus the outlying
territories that are functionally integrated with it.
• Region is based on natural/physical as well as
economic/political relationships between urban areas and its
surrounding rural territories
• Economic linkages
– Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g. journeys to work
– Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for food, water
and labor supplies, etc.
– Production and consumption functions: Industries, commerce, trade
• Infrastructure linkages
– Major Transport nodes
– Utility trunks – water purification plants, power supply
– Areas performing sink-functions of city
(e.g. SLF, MRF, STP)
 What is a ‘Region’?
3.2. Based on the general aims, the following detailed criteria have been
used for the defining of the regional boundaries:
A. Consideration the geographical conditions of the Philippines, the
region should have a reasonable geographical balance between
mountain and plains for ecological considerations.
B. The area of the region must be logically large enough to contain a
wide range of resources and development functions, that would
help to establish a desired degree of viability, but not too large to
make effective administration and management impossible.
C. The region should have a developed urban settlement network. The
urban settlement serve as growth points of the area concentrating
leading development functions like commerce, education, industry,
administration and services, which support existing primary
economic activities and may absorb the future would-be migrants.
 What is a ‘Region’?
D. The region should have developed transportation facilities, a good road
network and a sea port at least for internal and inter-regional
connections and flows.
E. The region may be defined on the basis of areas inhabited by several
ethnic groups. However, it is also advisable in regional delineation to
respect the cultural and ethnic homogeneity of particular areas, but not
necessarily as an absolute delineation criteria.
F. The regional boundaries should follow administrative and political
boundaries of the government units, so as to avoid breaking-up existing
political and administrative correlation and links. The region should
cover areas for which statistical data are gathered and national plans
and budgets are prepared.
 What is a ‘Region’?

G. The existing geographical barriers should be taken into consideration.

However, water channels, between particular islands in the
geographical situation of the Philippines might be considered in some
case as a unifying and not as a dividing elements if there are existing
gravitation trends and functional correlations, among particular areas.
Mountains may create more distinct thresholds, which can separate
one area from another if there are no existing road connections.
H. The boundaries of the region should consider also on-going and short-
range large scale development projects together with transportation
water resources and power projects.
D. THE “STAGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT” MODEL
Klassen, et al. (1981), van den berg, et al (1982) and A. Champion (1997)
present a cycle of urbanization model within an individual urban
agglomeration which consists of four stages.
1.Urbanization – occurs when certain settlements grow at the cost of their
surrounding countryside. In the US, one-half of farm population left the
farm by the 1960s.
2.Suburbanization or exurbanization – occurs when the urban ring.
(commuters’ zone) grow at the expense of the urban core (physically built-
up city). The process started in the US in the 1920s and accelerated after
Worlds War II. By the early 1950s, the suburbs held 43% of US urban
population and by 1990 it had 63% of metropolitan population. In the same
years, the central cities had 57% and 37% of metropolitan population. Thus,
the US is the world’s first predominantly suburban nation.
D. THE “STAGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT” MODEL
The factors responsible for the suburban wave of migration are:
a.Rising disposal incomes that allow purchase of new housing and associated
transportation costs.
b.Widespread diffusion of the automobile that allowed commuting to and
from suburbs.
c.The success of new suburbs to resists annexation through legal
incorporation that shields them from central city problems.
d.The huge pent-up demand for housing.
e.The need to generate employment after the Depression years of the 1930s
and the Recession years of WW II.
f.Public policies that favored house building and infrastructure construction.
g.The service-oriented economy that reached out to the metropolitan
outskirts.
h.Preference for rural life and its wholesome primary relationship
i.Presence of amenity-rich locations.
D. THE “STAGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT” MODEL
3. Counterurbanization or disurbanization – when the population loss of
the urban core exceeds the population gain of the ring, resulting in the
agglomeration losing population overall or in both the core and the
ring experiencing total deconcentration. The two types of change are:
(1) absolute shifts-when the directions of population change in the
core and ring differ, and (2) relative shifts-when change occurs in the
same direction but at different rates. This means there is already net
outmigration from the urban core.

4. Reurbanization- when either the rate of population loss of the core

tapers off, or the core starts regaining population with the ring still
losing population. This sometimes takes the form of what is called
gentrification.
D. THE “STAGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT” MODEL
In the period 1981-1991 in the UK, mainly the smaller functional urban
regions (FURs), and not the larger and older urban regions, showed
reurbanization. In the USA in the 19802, there has been a re-emergence of
larger metropolitan areas with 1 million or more residents as the fastest
growing elements of the urban landscape. Much of this growth has
occurred in the South and West and is traceable to two migration streams
– 91) entry of migrants from Latin America and Asia into low-value city
areas and 92) flow of fluent “baby-boomers” to high-tech and defense-
oriented economics as well as the retirement and resort areas of the
“Sunbelt”.

However, reurbanization has not yet emerged as a significant feature of

the urban system of advanced economics. The intensification of inner-city
revitalization appears to be long in coming. The process of decentralization
is likely to continue as a major feature of post-industrial
urbanization.
E. COMPARISON OF URBANIZATION PROCESS/PATTERNS IN
DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Demographic imbalance-Zipf’s rank-size distribution in developed
countries; primate city-size distribution in developing countries.

Economic imbalance - as postulated for instance, by Lewis’

equilibrium model, genuine urbanization in developed countries is
marked by an equilibrating effect of urbanization between rural
and urban areas, according to Terry G. McGee, pseudo-
urbanization in developing countries is marked by increasing
poverty in both urban and rural areas.

Firm-centered economy in First World cities; bazaar economy in

Third World Cities (Clifford Geertz).
E. COMPARISON OF URBANIZATION PROCESS/PATTERNS IN DEVELOPED AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Socio-cultural imbalance-heterogenetic (vs. orthogenetic) type of city in First
World countries marked by disintegration of traditional culture and new
integration of mind and society, where men are concerned with the market,
rational organization of production, expediential relations between sectoral
groups; orthogenetic type of city in Third Worlds countries marked by the
traditional values and attitudes of folk-like societies (Redfield), lack of innovation
in exchange and production relations.
Spatial imbalance-Christallerian/Loschian settlement system in developed
countries, dendritic settlement patterns in developing countries.
The central place model is also complemented by the concept of the rank-size
rule of G.K. Zipf. This rule is a non-spatial model of the statistical distribution of
human settlement population. Zipf’s rank-size rule states that “if all towns in a
region are arranged in descending order by population, the size of the rth town
is 1/r the size of the largest town according to the series 1, ½, 1/3, ¼…1/r.
E. COMPARISON OF URBANIZATION PROCESS/PATTERNS IN DEVELOPED AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
It is expressed by the formula:
Pr = PI Where:
R Pr = the population of the rth city
PI = the population of the largest-city and
R = the rank of the rth city in the set
The rank-size distribution is a desirable one for development purposes. It is the
city population distribution that transpires in developed countries, unlike in the
Third Worlds where what occurs is the primate city phenomenon. In the First
World countries, there is a gradual distribution of city population where there is
no primate city that lopsidedly dominates the landscape and development of
the country. In developing countries the primate city is one with a surpassingly
large population that siphons off resources from small centers and the
hinterland. It is a parasitic city that lives off the development impulses coming
from the rural area. In the case of the Philippines this is the problem posed by
Metro Manila as the country’s primate City.
Models of the Dendritic, Intermeshed and k=3 Market
System

(a). Dendritic Market System

(c). k=3 Market System

(b). Intermeshed Market System

LECTURE 1

Environmental PLANNING
Environmental planning as profession
 Environmental Planning
• “refers to activities connected with the
management and development of land, as well
as the preservation, conservation and
management of the human environment”
– Presidential Decree No. 1308, March 2, 1978
• Objective is to liberate communities from urban
blight and congestion and promote ecological
balance
– PD 933, series of 1976
 Scope of Practice of ENP under PD 1308 Sec. 3,
March 2, 1978
• “the practice of environmental planning, within the meaning and
intent of this Decree shall embrace, inter alia, professional services
in the form of technical consultation, plan preparation, and/or
implementation involving the following:
(a) Development of a community, town, city, or region;
(b) Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, centers
for activities concerned with research, education, culture,
recreation, or government, industrial estates, agriculture, and water
resources, including creating a spatial arrangements of buildings,
utilities and communication routes;
(c) Land use and zoning plans for the management and development
preservation, conservation, rehabilitation, and control of the
environment; and
(d) Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.”
 Scope of Practice of ENP under Senate Bill 2482, v. 2008
(a) “Providing professional services in the form of technical consultation, plan
preparation, capacity building, and monitoring and evaluation of
implementation involving the following:
– (1) preparation of national, regional or local development and/or physical
framework and land use plans;
– (2) preparation of comprehensive land use plans, zoning, and related ordinances,
codes, and other legal issuances for the management and development,
preservation, conservation, rehabilitation, regulation, and control of the
environment, including water resources;
– (3) development, conservation, redevelopment, and revitalization of barangay,
municipality, city, province, region or any portion or combination thereof; and
– (4) development of a site for a particular need, such as economic or ecological
zones; tourism development zones; and housing and other estate development
projects, including creating a spatial arrangement of buildings, utilities, transport,
and communications;
 Scope of Practice of ENP under Senate Bill 2482, v. 2008
(b) In relation to any of the activities enumerated in (a) above, preparing the
following studies:
– (1) Pre-feasibility, feasibility, and other related concerns; (2) Environmental
assessments; and (3) Institutional, administrative or legal systems;

(c) Teaching, lecturing or reviewing any professional subject included

in the curriculum and in the licensure examinations for
environmental planning;
(d) Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or
arbitrator in hearings, competitions, exhibitions, and other public
fora; and
(e) Ensuring compliance with environmental laws including
acquisition of regulatory permits.
 Fields of Planning
• Land Use • Tourism
• Urban and rural community • Heritage
development • Transportation
• Urban design • Waste Management
• Development Control • Health and Social Services
• Resources • Housing
• Environment • Economic Development
• Recreation • Policy, Education
• Management • Information systems
• Politics
List of LGU Plan documents required by National Government
Agencies (source: DILG)
NGA-mandated plans
1. Action Plan for the Protection of Children Other sectoral plans mentioned
2. AFMA / SAFDZ Plan
3. Annual Culture and the Arts Plan 18. Nutrition Action Plan
4. Anti-Poverty Reduction Plan
19. ICT Plan
5. Local Coconut Development Plan
6. Disaster Management Plan 20. Local Shelter Plan
7. Food Security Plan 21. ADSDPP
8. Forest Management Plan 22. Plan for the Elderly
9. Gender and Development Plan
23. Plan for Health and Family
10. Integrated Area Community Peace and
Order and Public Safety Plan Planning
11. Local Entrepreneurship Development Plan 24. Coastal Management Plan
12. Sustainable Area Development Plan 25. Information Strategic and
13. Local Tourism Plan Management Plan
14. Small and Medium Enterprise 26. Traffic Management Plan
Development Plan
15. Solid Waste Management Plan
16. Watershed Management Plan
17. Revenue Generation Plan
 What constitutes “Professional Planning
Experience” from American Planning
Four Criteria Association
• Influencing public decision making in the public interest.
Recommending specific actions or choices to elected/appointed officials,
private sector representatives, or others regarding public decisions
concerned with social, economic, or physical change in the public
interest.
• Employing an appropriately comprehensive point of view.
Appropriate comprehensiveness requires: (1) looking at the
consequences (e.g., physical/environmental, social, economic/financial,
governmental) of making a proposed decision; (2) conforming a
proposed decision to the larger context in which it will occur; and (3)
treating multiple policies, actions, or systems simultaneously when
interlinkages are too great to treat separately. It does not require
looking at everything at once if the above three criteria are met with a
proposal, plan, or program of narrower scope.
 What constitutes “Professional Planning
Experience” from American Planning
Association
Four Criteria
• Applying a planning process appropriate to the situation.
This means a process which is appropriate to its place and situation in: (1) the
number and order of its steps (e.g., problem/opportunity definition, goal
setting, generating alternate strategies, strategy choice, implementation,
evaluation), (2) its orientation to the future, to value change, and to resource
constraints; (3) its quality of research and analysis; and (4) its format of policy,
program, or plan proposal.
• Involving a professional level of responsibility and resourcefulness.
This means initiative, judgment, substantial involvement, and personal
accountability for defining and preparing significant substantive elements of
planning activities.
 Planning Profession in the Philippines
EDUCATION
ACADEME
ACADEME
 develop curriculum
 develop linkages bet.
disciplines
PROGRAM PIEP  train environmental
ENVIRON- REGULATION
PRC
PROJECT GOVERNMENT MENTAL
BOARD OF OF planners
IMPLEMEN-
PLANNING
EP PROFESSION  policy making
TATION

PRIVATE SECTOR
PRIVATE PIEP and PRC  complement
SECTOR  implement PD 1308
government efforts
PRIVATE PRACTICE
 monitor educational  set example for best
activities practice
GOVERNMENT  monitor professional
 link EP to socio-econ. plans  comply with PD 1308
practice  cooperate with
 spatial implications of socio-
 administer relevant
cultural-economic policies NGO’s
exams
 update implementation of
planning laws
 implement PD 1308
 Roles of a Planner

• Planner as Regulator Implements

government rules
• Planner as Policy Advisor and standards

• Planner as Designer Works as private

consultant, creates and
• Planner as Visionary promotes own plan

• Planner as Mediator Reconciles

conflicting
interests of
• Planner as Facilitator contending
groups in

• Planner as Advocate society

Advances the civic
agenda of the general
• Planner as Educator public
 Ethical Principles for Planners by the
American Planning Association
• Serve the public interest
• Support citizen participation
• Recognize the comprehensive and long-range nature of planning
decisions
• Expand choice and opportunity for all
• Facilitate coordination through the planning process
• Avoid conflict of interest
• Render thorough and diligent planning service
• Do not seek or offer favors
• Do not disclose or improperly use confidential information
• Ensure access to public reports on an equal basis
• Ensure full disclosure at public hearings
• Maintain public confidence
• Respect professional codes of ethics and conduct
 Three Major Sections of Code of Ethics
• Aspirational Standards – Principles to which we aspire
– Integrity of the Profession
– Client Service
– Public Service – Public Welfare
– Transparency and Accountability
• Enforceable Standards – Specific Rules of Conduct
– Representation of Qualification
– Fair Competition
– Release of Information
– Professional Development - Continuing Education (32 hours
every year)
• Rules of Procedure
Aspirational Standards for Filipino
Planners (PIEP)
• General Ethical awareness
• General Ethical competency
• Service to Others - protection of life, property and public welfare; heroic
sacrifice and genuine selflessness
• Integrity and Objectivity - highest sense of integrity and imbued with
nationalism and spiritual values
• Professional Competence - knowledge, technical skills, attitudes and experience
• Solidarity and Team Work - support to one organization for all members putting
the broader interest of the profession above one’s personal ambition and
preference
• Social and Civic Responsibility - due consideration of the broader interest of the
publics; contribute to attainment of the country’s national objectives
• Global Competitiveness - open to challenges of a more dynamic and
interconnected world; professional practice at global standards level and global
best practices
• Equality of all Professions - all professions are considered equally important, yet
distinct, service to society; all professionals to treat each other with respect and
fairness.
(PIEP 2004 National Convention, Quezon City, 13 November 2004)
Code of Ethics of Environmental Planners (Adopted by first
PIEP Board of Directors May 28, 1977; Adopted again by
Board in 1997)
Outline of Contents
• Article I- Foreword and Construction
• Article II- Declaration of Principles
• Article III- Responsibility to the Profession and the
Organization
• Article IV- Initiative, Discipline and Responsibility
• Article V- Responsibility to Co-Professionals
• Article VI- Relationship to Client
• Article VII- Responsibility to the Public and to the Country
• Article VIII- Penal Provisions
• Article IX- Effectivity