Introduction to Human

Resource Development
Chapter 1

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Definition of HRD
A set of systematic and planned
activities designed by an organization to
provide its members with the necessary
skills to meet current and future job
demands.

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Evolution of HRD
Early apprenticeship programs
Early vocational education programs
Early factory schools
Early training for unskilled/semiskilled
Human relations movement
Establishment of training profession
Emergence of HRD
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Early Apprenticeship Programs
Artisans in 1700s produced virtually all
household goods, such as furniture, clothing
and shoes. Etc.
Artisans had to train their own workers in
order to meet the growing demand.
Guild schools
Yeomen-apprentices who mastered all the
necessary skills
Yeomanries (early worker unions)

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Early Vocational Education
Programs
1809 – DeWitt Clinton’s manual school
1863 – President Lincoln signs the Land-
Grant Act promoting A&M colleges
1917 – Smith-Hughes Act provides funding
for vocational education at the state level
The purpose was to provise training to
unskilled young pepole who were
unemployed or had a criminal record.

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Early Factory Schools
Industrial Revolution increases need for
trained workers to design, build, and
repair machines used by unskilled
workers
Companies started machinist and
mechanical schools in-house
Shorter and more narrowly-focused
than apprenticeship programs

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Early Training for
Unskilled/Semiskilled Workers
Mass production (Model T)
 Semiskilled and unskilled workers
 Production line – one task = one worker
World War I
 Retool & retrain
 “Show, Tell, Do, Check” (OJT)

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Human Relations Movement
Factory system often abused workers
“Human relations” movement promoted
better working conditions
Start of business & management
education
Tied to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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Establishment of the Training
Profession
Outbreak of WWII increased the need
for trained workers
Federal government started the
Training Within Industry (TWI) program
1942 – American Society for Training
Directors (ASTD) formed

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Emergence of HRD
Employee needs extend beyond the
training classroom
Includes coaching, group work, and
problem solving
Need for basic employee development
Need for structured career development
ASTD changes its name to the American
Society for Training and Development

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Relationship Between HRM
and HRD
Human resource management (HRM)
encompasses many functions
Human resource development (HRD) is
just one of the functions within HRM

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Primary Functions of HRM
Human resource planning
Equal employment opportunity
Staffing (recruitment and selection)
Compensation and benefits
Employee and labor relations
Health, safety, and security
Human resource development
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Secondary HRM Functions
Organization and job design
Performance management/
performance appraisal systems
Research and information systems

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Line versus Staff Authority
Line Authority – given to managers
directly responsible for the production
of goods and services (direct function)
Staff Authority – given to units that
advise and consult line units

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Limits of Authority
HRM & HRD units have staff authority
(Overhead function)
Line authority takes precedence
Scope of authority – how far (how
much) can you authorize?

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HRD Functions
Training and development (T&D)
Organizational development
Career development

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Training and Development
(T&D)
Training – improving the knowledge,
skills and attitudes of employees for the
short-term, particular to a specific job
or task – e.g.,
 Employee orientation
 Skills & technical training
 Coaching
 Counseling

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Training and Development
(T&D)
Development – preparing for future
responsibilities, while increasing the
capacity to perform at a current job
 Management training
 Supervisor development

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Organizational Development
The process of improving an
organization’s effectiveness and
member’s well-being through the
application of behavioral science
concepts
Focuses on both macro- and micro-
levels
HRD plays the role of a change agent

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Career Development
Ongoing process by which individuals
progress through series of changes until
they achieve their personal level of
maximum achievement.
 Career planning
 Career management

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Learning & Performance

By Permission: Naughton & Rothwell (2004)

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Critical HRD Issues
Strategic management and HRD
The supervisor’s role in HRD
Organizational structure of HRD

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Strategic Management & HRD
Strategic management aims to ensure
organizational effectiveness for the
foreseeable future – e.g., maximizing
profits in the next 3 to 5 years
HRD aims to get managers and workers
ready for new products, procedures,
and materials

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Supervisor’s Role in HRD
Implements HRD programs and
procedures
On-the-job training (OJT)
Coaching/mentoring/counseling
Career and employee development
A “front-line participant” in HRD

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Organizational Structure of
HRD Departments
Depends on company size, industry and
maturity
No single structure used
Depends in large part on how well the
HRD manager becomes an institutional
part of the company – i.e., a revenue
contributor, not just a revenue user

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HRD Organization in a Large
Company

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Sample HRD Jobs/Roles
Executive/Manager
HR Strategic Advisor
HR Systems Designer/Developer
Organization Change Agent
Organization Design Consultant
Learning Program Specialist

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Sample HRD Jobs/Roles – 2
Instructor/Facilitator
Individual Development and Career
Counselor
Performance Consultant (Coach)
Researcher

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HR Manager Role
Integrates HRD with organizational
goals and strategies
Promotes HRD as a profit enhancer
Tailors HRD to corporate needs and
budget
Institutionalizes performance
enhancement

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HR Strategic Advisor Role
Consults with corporate strategic
thinkers
Helps to articulate goals and strategies
Develops HR plans
Develops strategic planning education
and training programs

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HR Systems
Designer/Developer
Assists HR manager in the design and
development of HR systems
Designs HR programs
Develops intervention strategies
Plans HR implementation actions

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Organization Change Agent
Develops more efficient work teams
Improves quality management
Implements intervention strategies
Develops change reports

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Organization Design
Consultant
Designs work systems
Develops effective alternative work
designs
Implements changed systems

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Learning Program Specialist
Identifies needs of learners
Develops and designs learning
programs
Prepares learning materials and
learning aids
Develops program objectives, lesson
plans, and strategies

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Instructor/Facilitator
Presents learning materials
Leads and facilitates structured learning
experiences
Selects appropriate instructional
methods and techniques
Delivers instruction

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Individual Development and
Career Counselor
Assists individuals in career planning
Develops individual assessments
Facilitates career workshops
Provides career guidance

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Performance Consultant
(Coach)
Advises line management on
appropriate interventions to improve
individual and group performance
Provides intervention strategies
Develops and provides coaching designs
Implements coaching activities

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Researcher
Assesses HRD practices and programs
Determines HRD program effectiveness
Develops requirements for changing
HRD programs to address current and
future problems

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Challenges for HRD
Changing workforce demographics
Competing in global economy
Eliminating the skills gap
Need for lifelong learning
Need for organizational learning

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Changing Demographics in the
U.S. Workplace
By 2020, it is predicted that:
African-Americans will remain at 11%
Hispanics will increase from 9% to 14%
Asians will increase from 4% to 6%
Whites will decrease from 76% to 68%
Women will increase from 46% to 50%
Older workers (>55) will increase to 25%

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Competing in the Global
Economy
New technologies
Need for more skilled and educated
workers
Cultural sensitivity required
Team involvement
Problem solving
Better communications skills

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Eliminating the Skills Gap
Example: In South Carolina, 47% of entering
high school freshmen don’t graduate.
 Best state is Vermont, with 81% graduating
Employees need to be taught basic skills:
 Math
 Reading
 Applied subjects
Need to improve U.S. schools!

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Need for Lifelong Learning
Organizations change
Technologies change
Products change
Processes change
PEOPLE must change!!

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Need for Organizational
Learning
Organizations must be able to learn,
adapt, and change
Principles:
 Systems thinking
 Personal mastery
 Mental models
 Shared visions
 Team learning

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A Framework for the HRD
Process
HRD efforts should use the following
four phases (or stages):
Need assessment
Design
Implementation
Evaluation

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Training & HRD Process Model

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Needs Assessment Phase
Establishing HRD priorities
Defining specific training and objectives
Establishing evaluation criteria

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Design Phase
Selecting who delivers program
Selecting and developing program
content
Scheduling the training program

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Implementation Phase
Implementing or delivering the program

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Evaluation Phase
Determining program effectiveness – e.g.,
Keep or change providers?
Offer it again?
What are the true costs?
Can we do it another way?

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Summary
HRD is too important to be left to
amateurs
HRD should be a revenue producer, not
a revenue user
HRD should be a central part of
company
You need to be able to talk MONEY

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