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Multiple Acces Techniques For Wireless Communication

The document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communication including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. FDMA divides the frequency band into channels and assigns each user an individual channel. TDMA divides each channel into time slots and assigns each user slots to transmit within. CDMA allows all users to transmit over the entire bandwidth simultaneously by using unique codes to distinguish users.

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313 views25 pages

Multiple Acces Techniques For Wireless Communication

The document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communication including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. FDMA divides the frequency band into channels and assigns each user an individual channel. TDMA divides each channel into time slots and assigns each user slots to transmit within. CDMA allows all users to transmit over the entire bandwidth simultaneously by using unique codes to distinguish users.

Uploaded by

trivedi_urvi9087
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MULTIPLE ACCES

TECHNIQUES FOR
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
FDMA

Frequency division multiple access


FDMA is the division of the frequency band allocated for
wireless cellular telephone communication into channels
FDMA in Analogue Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS)
The Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)
also uses FDMA but adds time division multiple access
(TDMA)
Each channel can be assigned to only one user at a time.
FDMA is a method
that lets more than
one user to share a
single radio
frequency
spectrum. This is
done by assigning
active users a
different frequency
channel.
FDMA puts each
call on a separate
frequency.
Frequency division multiplexing
GUARD BANDS

Between the different used frequency channels is


a small amount of bandwidth not used. This
space is called a guard band.
This bandwidth is necessary to cater for
instability of the sender, frequency shifts due to
movement (the Doppler effect) and no-ideal
filtering.
Main features

 Continuous transmission
 Narrow bandwidth
 Low overhead
 Simple hardware at mobile unit and BS : (1) no digital
processing needed (2) ease of framing and synchronization.
 FDMA can be used with both analogue and digital signal.
 FDMA requires high-performing filters in the radio
hardware, in contrast to TDMA and CDMA.
 FDMA is not vulnerable to the timing problems that TDMA
has.
 Due to the frequency filtering, FDMA is not sensitive to near-
far problem.
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
 All channels in a cell are
available to all the mobiles.
Channel assignment is
carried out on a first-come
first- served basis.
 The number of channels,
given a frequency
spectrum BT , depends on
the modulation technique
and the guard bands
between the channels.
These guard bands can be
used to minimize adjacent
channel interference.
ADVANTAGES
 If channel is not in use, it sits idle
 Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz)
 Simple algorithmically, and from a hardware standpoint
 Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and
the traffic is uniformly constant
 Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the
information bit rate and using efficient digital code
 No need for network timing
 No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of
modulation
DISADVANTAGES

The presence of guard bands


Requires right RF filtering to minimize adjacent
channel interference
Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed
Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate capability
Does not differ significantly from analog system
TDMA

 TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access.

 TDMA is digital transmission technology that allows a


number of users to access a single radio-frequency (RF)
channel without interference by allocating unique time
slots to each user within each channel.

 TDMA divides each cellular channel into three time slots


in order to increase the amount of data that can be
carried.
TDMA

 The reason for choosing TDMA


for all standards was that it enables
some vital features for system
operation in an advanced cellular or
PCS environment.

 TDMA relies upon the fact that the


audio signal has been digitized i-e
divided into a number of
milliseconds-long packets. It
allocates a single frequency channel
for a short time and then moves to
another channel.
Synchronization in TDMA

 “CLOCK” is required for TDMA.

 All transmitters and receivers must be aware of this ``clock'' to schedule

their transmissions and receptions and transmissions


are synchronized.
 In cellular telephone systems a clock signal indicates the beginning of time-

slots is transmitted by the base stations. From this signals, mobile stations
can determine when their turn comes up.
TDMA EVOLUTION
Main Features
Shares single carrier frequency with multiple
users.

Non-continuous transmission. This results in low


battery consumption since the subscriber
transmitter can be turned OFF when not in use.

Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic


TDMA.
Main Features
 TDMA uses different time slots for Tx and Rx, thus
duplexers are not required.

 Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) uses


the TDMA technique.
Advantages

1. It carry data rates of 64 kbps to 120 Mbps .


2. It provides the user with extended battery life and talk
time.
3. It is the most cost effective technology to convert an
analogue system to digital.
4. TDMA technology separates users according to time, it
ensures that there will be no interference
5. TDMA allows the operator to do services like fax, voice
band data, and SMS as well as bandwidth-intensive
application such as multimedia and videoconferencing.
Disadvantages

1. Each user has a predefined


time slot.When moving from
one cell to other, if all the time
slots in this cell are full the
user might be disconnected.

2. It is subjected to multipath
distortion. A signal coming
from a tower to a handset
might come from any one of
several directions. It might
have bounced off several
different buildings before
arriving.
CDMA

There is no restriction on time and frequency in this scheme.


Parallel communication without collision and whole bandwidth can be used
Users are separated by code not by time slot and frequency slot
CDMA ANALOGY

10 people in a room.


 5 speak English, 2 speak Spanish, 2 speak Chinese, and 1
speaks Russian.
Everyone is talking at relatively the same time over
the same medium – the air.
Who can listen to whom and why?
Who can’t you understand?
Who can’t speak to anyone else?
Simple idea of
communication with
code

Chip sequences

Data
Representation in
CDMA
12.20
Sharing channel in CDMA

12.21
igital signal created by four stations in CDMA

Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA

12.22
eneral rule and examples of creating Walsh tables

Data Retrieving

12.23
ADVANTAGES
24
 Potentially larger capacity (more users can communicate simultaneously)
If users don’t use the medium all the time (e.g., they are just reading e-
mail), CDMA will allow much more users to communicate
simultaneously. In other words, CDMA will use the resource (the radio
spectrum) more efficiently.
Provides larger spread spectrum, thus more robust against noise bursts and
multipath frequency selective fading
 GSM bandwidth = 200 kHz
 IS-95 bandwidth = 1.25 MHz
 W-CDMA (3G) bandwidth = 10MHz
The transition from one BS to another (handoff) is not abrupt, as in TDMA, and
provides better quality
No absolute limit on the number of users
 Easy addition of more users
 Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
 Better signal quality
DISADVANTAGES

As the number of users increases, the overall quality


of service decreases
Self-jamming
Near- Far- problem arises

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