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Introduction To Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is the study of electricity and its applications. It involves fields like power systems, control systems, electronics, signal processing, and telecommunications. Some key concepts in electrical engineering include electric charge, electric current, voltage, power, energy, and circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Electrical engineers work with electrical sources, circuits, and systems to harness and control electricity for useful purposes.

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88 views

Introduction To Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is the study of electricity and its applications. It involves fields like power systems, control systems, electronics, signal processing, and telecommunications. Some key concepts in electrical engineering include electric charge, electric current, voltage, power, energy, and circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Electrical engineers work with electrical sources, circuits, and systems to harness and control electricity for useful purposes.

Uploaded by

ksreddy2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Introduction to

Electrical Engineering
What is electrical
engineering?

The study of ELECTRICITY along with its


numerous applications
A brief history
In 1600, William Gilbert called
the property of attracting
particles after being rubbed
“electricus”.

De Magnete was a treatise of


electricity and magnetism,
noting a long list of elements
that could be electrified.

Gilbert invented the


versorium, a device that
detected statically-charged
bodies
William Gilbert, arguably the first electrical engineer

A versorium
A brief history
1800 – voltaic pile developed by Alessandro
Volta, a precursor to the battery

Voltaic pile

1831 – Michael Faraday discovers


electromagnetic induction

Circuits containing inductors

1873 – Electricity and Magnetism


published by James Maxwell, describing
a theory for electromagnetism
Maxwell’s equations
A brief history
1888 – Heinrich Hertz transmits and
receives radio signals

Spark-gap transmitter

1941 – Konrad Zuse introduces the first


ever programmable computer

Z3 computer

1947 – invention of transistor

Transistor
A brief history
1958 – integrated circuit
developed by Jack Kilby

Integrated circuits

1968 – first microprocessor is


developed

Microprocessor
So where is the field now?
Fields of study
Power:
Creation, storage, and distribution of electricity

Control:
Design of dynamic systems and controllers for the
systems

Electronics/Microelectronics:
Design of integrated circuits, microprocessors, etc.

Signal Processing: Analysis of signals


Fields of study
Telecommunications:
Design of transmission systems (voice, data)

Computer:
Design and development of computer systems

Instrumentation:
Design of sensors and data acquisition equipment
Basic concepts

✴ Electricity
✴ Charge
✴ Current
✴ Voltage
✴ Power and Energy
Electricity

Physical phenomenon arising from the


existence and interactions of electric charge
Charge

Where can we observe/experience/use charge?


Charge
Characteristic property of subatomic
particles responsible for electric phenomena

Electron
- + Proton
Charge
“Charged” particles exhibit forces

- -
Like charges repel each other

- +
Opposite charges attract one another

Charge is the source of one of the fundamental forces in nature (others?)


Coulomb’s Law

q1 q2
r (meters)

(Newtons)

F1,2 is the electrostatic force exerted on charge 1 due


to the presence of charge 2

ke is the Coulomb constant ke = 8.987 x 109 N*m2*C-2


Electric current

Describes charge in motion, the flow of charge

This phenomenon can result from moving electrons in a


conductive material or moving ions in charged solutions
Electric current

An ampere (A) is the number of electrons having a total


charge of 1 C moving through a given cross section in 1 s.

As defined, current flows in direction of positive charge flow


Electrical Circuits
Electric circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that electric current may
flow continuously

Circuit diagrams are the standard for electrical engineers


Rate of flow of charge form node a to node b

Rate of flow of charge form node b to node a

(i = current)

A direct current (dc) is a current of constant magnitude

An alternating current (ac) is a current of varying


magnitude and direction
Voltage
Driving “force” of electrical current between two points

Vab Voltage at terminal a with respect to terminal b

Vba Voltage at terminal b with respect to terminal a

Vab = -Vba
Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined relative to “ground”
Voltage
The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a
-
unit of positive charge from the “ ” terminal to the “+” terminal

A volt is the potential difference (voltage) between


two points when 1 joule of energy is used to move 1
coulomb of charge from one point to the other
Power
The rate at which energy is converted or work is performed

A watt results when 1 joule of energy is converted or used in 1 second


Circuit schematic example
Circuit elements
Resistors
Resistance (R) is the physical
property of an element that
impedes the flow of current . The
units of resistance are Ohms (Ω)

Resistivity (ρ) is the ability of a


material to resist current flow. The
units of resistivity are Ohm-meters
(Ω-m)
Example:

Resistivity of copper 1.68×10−8 Ω·m


Resistivity of glass 1010 to 1014 Ω·m
Resistors
Resistors
Ohm’s Law

(remember, R is in Ω
and ρ is in Ω-m)
Capacitors
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of a pair of
conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator).

(ε indicates how penetrable a subtance is to an


electric field)

Electric charge is stored in the


plates – a capacitor can become
“charged”

When a voltage exists across the conductors,


it provides the energy to move the charge
from the positive plate to the other plate.
Capacitors
Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to store charge in the
form of separated charge or an electric field. It is the ratio of
charge stored to voltage difference between two plates.

Capacitance is measured in Farads (F)


Capacitors
The capacitor plate attached to the negative
terminal accepts electrons from the battery.

The capacitor plate attached to the positive


terminal accepts protons from the battery.

What happens when the light bulb is


initially connected in the circuit?

What happens if you replace the battery


with a piece of wire?
Energy storage
Work must be done by an external influence (e.g. a battery) to
separate charge between the plates in a capacitor. The charge is
stored in the capacitor until the external influence is removed and
the separated charge is given a path to travel and dissipate.

Work exerted to charge a capacitor is given by the equation:


Inductors

An inductor is a two terminal element


consisting of a winding of N turns capable
of storing energy in the form of a magnetic
field

Inductance (L) is a measure of the ability of


a device to store energy in the form of a
magnetic field. It is measured in Henries (H)
Inductors

Inductance in a cylindrical coil

μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 H/m


K = Nagaoka coefficient
N = number of turns
A = area of cross-section of the coil in m2
l = length of coil in m
Inductors
The magnetic field from an inductor can generate an induced
voltage, which can be used to drive current

While building the magnetic field, the inductor resists current flow
Inductors

What happens to the light bulb when the switch is closed?


What happens to the light bulb when the switch is then opened?
Energy storage
Inductors can store energy in the form of a magnetic
field when a current is passed through them.

The work required to establish current through the


coil, and therefore the magnetic field, is given by
Transformers and alternators
Inductors are located in both transformers and alternators,
allowing voltage conversion and current generation, respectively

Transformer converts from


one voltage to another Alternator produces AC current
Electrical sources

An electrical source is a voltage


or current generator capable of
supplying energy to a circuit

Examples:

-AA batteries
-12-Volt car battery
-Wall plug
Ideal voltage source
An ideal voltage source is a circuit element where the voltage
across the source is independent of the current through it.

Recall Ohm’s Law: V=IR

The internal resistance of an ideal voltage source is zero.

If the current through an ideal voltage source is


completely determined by the external circuit, it
is considered an independent voltage source
Ideal current source
An ideal current source is a circuit element where the current
through the source is independent of the voltage across it.

Recall Ohm’s Law: I = V/R

The internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinite.

If the voltage across an ideal current source is


completely determined by the external circuit, it
is considered an independent current source
Dependent Sources
A dependent or controlled source depends upon a different
voltage or current in the circuit
Electric Circuit Design Principles
Example: Resistors in series
The resistors in a series circuit are 680 Ω, 1.5 kΩ, and 2.2 kΩ. What is
the total resistance?
Series circuits
A series circuit has only one current path

Current through each component is the same

In a series circuit, all elements must


function for the circuit to be complete
Multiple elements in a series circuit
Example: Resistors in series
The resistors in a series circuit are 680 Ω, 1.5 kΩ, and 2.2 kΩ. What is
the total resistance?

The current through each resistor?


Example: Voltage sources in series

Find the total voltage of the sources shown

What happens if you reverse a battery?


Example: Resistors in parallel
The resistors in a parallel circuit are 680 Ω, 1.5 kΩ, and 2.2 kΩ.
What is the total resistance?
Parallel circuits
A parallel circuit has more than
one current path branching from
the energy source

Voltage across each pathway is


the same

In a parallel circuit, separate current


paths function independently of one
another
Multiple elements in a parallel circuit

For parallel voltage sources, the voltage


is the same across all batteries, but the
current supplied by each element is
a fraction of the total current
Example: Resistors in parallel
The resistors in a parallel circuit are 680 Ω, 1.5 kΩ, and 2.2 kΩ.
What is the total resistance?

Voltage across each resistor?


Current through each resistor?
The END

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