Statistics and

Probability
Zaid A. Mandangan
 Accurately define random variables

Accurately represents real-life situations using random

variable;

Objectives:  Correctly determine the possible values of random

variable

Accurately differentiate discrete and continuous random

variable

Correctly determine whether a random variable is

discrete or continuous
 • The class will be divided into 4 groups. 
• Each group will be given a task to answer.
• Group 1 and Group 3 = List all
possible outcomes in tossing a coin 3 times. 
• Group 2 and Group 4 = A fair six-sided die
Activity is rolled twice. List all the possible outcomes.
• Use set builder notation in listing 
• After 2 minutes, Group 1 and 3 will do the task 2
and Group 2 and 4 will do the task 1. 
 • Where you able to accomplish
the given task?
Guide • What methods did you use in
Questions:  determining the possible
outcomes in the given task?
Random Variable
 Random
Variable

Quantitative  Qualitative

Discrete Continuous
 Random Variable

• A function that associates a numerical value to every

outcome of a random experiment; denoted by a capital
letter, usually X. 
 Possible Outcomes

Tossing of Coin 3 times Rolling a fair dice twice

• (HHH)(HHT)(HTH)(HTT) • (1,1)(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(1,5)(1,6)(2,1)
• (THH)(THT)(TTH)(TTT) (2,2)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)(3,1)(3,2)
(3,3)(3,4)(3,5)(3,6)(4,1)(4,2)(4,3)
(4,4)(4,5)(4,6)(5,1)(5,2)(5,3)(5,4)
(5,5)(5,6)(6,1)(6,2)(6,3)(6,4)(6,5)
(6,6)
 Example

• A coin is flipped two times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of the

outcome, what are the possible values of 𝑋? 
• There are 3 red balls and 5 yellow balls in a box. Two balls are to be
drawn with replacement. 
• A bus can accommodate a maximum of 60 passengers. If 𝑋 denotes the
number of male passengers, what are the possible values of 𝑋? 
 • Methodology:
• 1. Divide the students into 4 groups. 
• 2. Ask each group to think of random variables that
can and cannot have decimal numbers as its values.
Write them down on the table below. 
• 3. Ask each group to present their output in class.
Activity 2 Possible Values are Whole Possible Values can have
Materials Numbers Only Decimal Places

Needed: pen and

paper Guide Questions: 
1. What difficulty did you encounter in thinking of
random variables for each column? 
2. What did you consider in determining random
variables that satisfy the given conditions? 
 Random Variable

Discrete Continuous
• Discrete Random Variable – a • Continuous Random Variable –
random variable with a finite a random variable that can assume
number of possible values or an an infinite number of values that
infinite number of values that can can take decimal or fractional
be counted  values 
 Example
• A random variable has the following value: 7,8,10,13, or 21. Is the random
variable discrete or continuous?
• Determine whether the recorded body temperature of a patient in a hospital is
a discrete or continuous random variable.
• The value of the probability 𝑃 of an event ranges from 0 to 1. Is 𝑃 a discrete
or continuous random variable?
• Let 𝑌 be a random variable that denotes the number of boys in a flag
ceremony. Is 𝑌 discrete or continuous?
Any Question?
 QUIZ!
Prepare ¼ sheet of paper. 
 2. There are 10 students
1. Let X be a random who took the
variable that denotes the examination. If X denotes
result in rolling a die. the number of students
What are the possible who passed the
value of X? examination, what are the
possible values of X? 
Identify the given random variable if it represents a
discrete or continuous. 

3. Number of students in the canteen during lunch

break
4. Amount of water in liters that a person consumes
in a day
5. Amount of money spent on buying medicines.
6. Weight of a baby. 
7. Number of passengers in a bus. 
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
 Who can give us a short review of
what we have discussed last meeting?
 correctly illustrate a probability
distribution for a discrete random
variable;

accurately construct a probability

distribution for a discrete random
variable.
Objectives: 
accurately solve possible values of a
random variable;

correctly solve real-life problems

involving the random variables.
 Activity 1: 
• Materials Needed: pen and paper 
• Methodology: 1. Group the class into 4 groups. 
• 2. Assign the groups the following poll questions: 
                       Group 1: Number of days you study before the quarterly exam 
                       Group 2: Number of days you can evade social media 
                       Group 3: Number of hours you spend in doing a homework 
                       Group 4: Number of videogames you play 
• 3. Ask the students to conduct the poll within their group. 
• 4. Tell them to organize the results of the poll using a table.
 Guide Questions: 
• How are you going to interpret the number of
responses you obtained?
• How are you going to write the number of
responses in percentage, fraction or decimal
form? 
• If you will add the percentage, fraction or
decimal form of the frequency of each poll,
what will be the result? 
 Probability Distribution

• Probability Distribution of a Discrete

Random Variable – is a list, a table, a graph,
or a formula of probabilities associated with
each of its possible values
 Example: 
• Experiment: Tossing of Coin 3 times.
• Task: Create a probability distribution. Then, create it`s HISTOGRAM.  
 Create your own Probability
Distribution and its Histogram. 

•  Tossing a Coin 4 times. 

• Rolling a die two times. 

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

 Properties of a Probability
Distribution: 

         a. The probability of

each outcome is between 0 and 1,
inclusive. That is, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖) ≤ 1.  
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
          b. The sum of all the
probabilities of a random variable is
equal to 1 or 100%.
That is, Σ(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖) = 1.
 Example: 
• Determine whether the distribution is a valid probability distribution for a
discrete random variable of X. 
X 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0.35 0.22 0.35 0.18
 Example
• 2. Consider the random experiment of rolling a pair of tetrahedron
dice (whose number of dots are 1 to 4). Construct the probability
distribution for the random variable 𝑋 which denotes the sum of the
numbers in the two dice.
 Example
• A student recorded the number of times he uses the CR in 10 consecutive
days. 
X 1 2 3 4
F 2 3 1 4

Construct a probability distribution for random variable X which denotes the

number of times he uses the CR. 
 Example
• An experiment was conducted where rats have injected virus and check if
they will survive or not. Find the probability that at most 2 rats will
survive given the probability distribution of the random variable 𝑋 that
measures the number of surviving rats.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.21 0.44 0.29 0.06
Any Questions?

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

Quiz!

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

 ½ Sheet of Paper 
• A student recorded the number of papers he needed in 15 consecutive
days. The following are his records: 
X 0 1 2 3
F 3 6 3 3

Construct a probability distribution for the random variable X which denotes

the number of papers used. 
• Given the probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋 below,
find (𝑋 ≤ 80).
X 70 75 80 85 90
P(X) 3/12  1/12 ? 5/12 1/12
Mean of a Discrete
Random Variable
What have you learn in
the past lesson? 
 Objectives: 

01 02 03
correctly calculate the correctly interpret the accurately apply the
mean of a discrete mean of a discrete concept of the mean
random variable;  random variable; and of a discrete random
variable in real-life
situations. 
 Activity: 
• Duration: 10 minutes 
• Materials Needed: scores from previous quizzes in Math, calculator 
• Methodology: 
• 1. Ask the students to retrieve their previous quiz scores in Math. Make
sure to retrieve those quizzes with the same total scores. 
• 2. Ask the students to determine the mean of their scores and interpret its
meaning to their performance in their Math quizzes. 
• 3. Ask 3 to 5 students to share their insights.  
 Guide Questions: 
1. What does the mean of the scores tell about your performance in Math?
2. Why is it important to obtain the mean of a set of scores? 
Mean of a Discrete
Random Variable
 Solving for the Mean of a Discrete Random
Variable
• To compute for the mean of a discrete random variable, follow these steps:
1. Construct the probability distribution 
• 2. Determine the value of 𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑋) 
• 3. Add all the values of 𝑋 ⋅ P(𝑋) to determine Σ[𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑋). 
 How are we going to solve for
the mean of a discrete random
X P(X) variable?
0 1/8 • Find the mean of the given
probability distribution. Interpret
1 3/8 the result. 
2 3/8
3 1/8
 Example: 
• The price of a stock from Company Q changes every minute. There is
an 8% chance that the stock price goes down by ₱10, and there is a
20% chance that the stock price goes down by ₱5. On the other hand,
there is a 43% chance that the stock price will not change, a 25%
chance that the stock price will increase by ₱5, and a 4% chance that
the stock price will increase by ₱10. Find the expected value of the
probability distribution and interpret it.
 1. Is it reasonable to buy a $2 ticket for a
raffle whose winning prize is a new luxury
automobile worth $55, 000 if there are 29,
346 raffles tickets to be sold?

Application 2. Based on the U.S. Mortality Statistics,

the probability that a 30 year-old white
female will die within the next year is
0.000642. What premium should a life
insurance company charge to breakeven
on a P500000 one-year term insurance
policy?
Are there any questions?
Quiz!
X P(X) ½ Crosswise
0 0.10
1 0.20 • Find the mean of the following
probability distribution. Interpret the result. 
2 0.45
3 0.15 1. The data shown below is the number
of laptops sold per day during the past
4 0.05 six months and its corresponding probability.
Compute for the expected value of
5 0.05 laptop sales and interpret its value.
X(in million) P(X)
1 0.04
2 0.12 • Maria is deciding to buy a franchise
of a certain fast food restaurant.
3 0.25 She asked for the monthly sales (for
4 0.17 the past several months) of the
restaurant and come up with its
5 0.23 probability as shown below. If
Maria wanted a sale that is at least
6 0.19 3 million, is it a good decision to buy
a franchise? Why or why not?
 Objectives: 

01 02 03
correctly calculate the correctly interpret the accurately apply the
mean of a discrete mean of a discrete concept of the mean
random variable;  random variable; and of a discrete random
variable in real-life
situations. 
QUIZ
½ Crosswise
 Identify the random variables in the given situation and
determine whether they are discrete or continuous.

1. A couple consulted a civil engineer to

estimate the expenses needed to build a
strong foundation for their house. The
engineer listed the following: number of
hollow blocks, number of sacks of cement
and sand, the volume of gravel in cubic
meters, number of steel bars, and salary of
construction workers. 
• The probability that a 12 year-old female will die
within the next year is 0.00044. What premium
should a life insurance company charge to
breakeven on a P500000 one-year term insurance
policy?
Variance and Standard Deviation
of a Discrete Random Variable
 correctly calculate the variance
and standard deviation of a
discrete random variable; 

correctly interpret the variance

Objectives:  and standard deviation of a
discrete random variable; and

accurately apply the concept of

the variance and standard of a
discrete random variable in real-
life situations. 
 Duration: 10 minutes 
Materials Needed: pen, paper, calculator, marker, cartolina 
Methodology: 
    1. Ask the students to form a group with nine members
each. 
    2. In each group, ask each member to give a random
number between zero to ten. It can be a decimal number. 
Activity:     3. Ask each group to compute for the mean of the
numbers. 
    4. On your paper, ask each group to construct a number
line. Label the mean of the score in the number line with the
symbol 𝜇. Label the number of each member in the number
line as well. 
    5. Ask the group to describe how the scores are spread out
and how are they related to the mean. Ask a representative to
present their work in class.
Variance and Standard Deviation
of a Discrete Random Variable
 This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

• Variance (𝝈𝟐) and Standard Deviation (𝝈) of a Discrete Random Variable –

describes the dispersion or the variability of the distribution. 
Variance: 
𝜎2 = ∑[𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2.
Standard Deviation
𝜎 = √∑[𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2
How to solve for the variance and standard deviation? 
 Steps in
solving
for the
Variance
and
Standard
Deviation
X P(X) X*P(X) X2 X2*P(X) Solving for 
Variance and
Standard
Deviation
X​ P(X)​ Example 1
0​ 1/8​ • Find the mean of the
given probability distribution.
1​ 3/8​ Interpret the result.

2​ 3/8​
3​ 1/8​
 Example 2
• •The price of a stock from Company Q changes every minute. There is
an 8% chance that the stock price goes down by ₱10, and there is a
20% chance that the stock price goes down by ₱5. On the other hand,
there is a 43% chance that the stock price will not change, a 25%
chance that the stock price will increase by ₱5, and a 4% chance that
the stock price will increase by ₱10. Find the mean, variance and
standard deviation and interpret it.
X P(X) Example 3
0 0.12
• The table below shows the
1 0.27
number of cellphones being sent
2 0.24
for repair (per day) and their
corresponding percentages.
3 0.19 Determine the mean, variance,
and standard deviation of the
4 0.18 probability distribution and
interpret their values.
 Example 4
Number of Sales in Probability P(S)
Millions
1 0.04 • The table below shows the
2 0.12 monthly sales of a fast food
3 0.25 restaurant. Determine the mean,
4 0.17 variance, and standard deviation
5 0.23 of the probability distribution
6 0.19 and interpret their values.
Any Questions? 
 correctly calculate the
variance and standard
deviation of a discrete
random variable; 

correctly interpret the

variance and standard
Objectives:  deviation of a discrete
random variable; and

accurately apply the

concept of the variance
and standard of a
discrete random variable
in real-life situations. 
Short Quiz!
Prepare ½ Sheet of Paper
Number of Tardiness P(X) Number 1
X
0 0. 41
The probability that a student will
1 0.22 be tardy in a given month is given
2 0.17 in the table below. Find the mean,
3 0.13
variance and standard deviation
and interpret the result.
4 0.05
5 0.02
X​ P(X)​
Number 2
0​ 0.05
• Angelique wanted to compare
3 0.21 the number of donated canned
milk per day and its probability
5​ 0.04 this year (shown in the table
7 0.43 below) and last year. Last year’s
mean was 5 canned milk per day
9​ 0.27 with a standard deviation of 2
canned milk.