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Methods of Research-Lession 9

This document provides guidance on writing an academic research proposal. It discusses that a research proposal outlines the overall plan and strategy to answer research questions or problems. It should state the objectives, hypotheses, and reasons for undertaking the study. The document then discusses the typical contents of a research proposal, including an introduction, theoretical and conceptual frameworks, literature review, methodology, and more. It provides examples and suggestions for how to format and structure each section of a research proposal. The focus is on ensuring the proposal clearly communicates what will be studied, how it will be studied, and why the proposed approach was selected.

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Renj Loise
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53 views

Methods of Research-Lession 9

This document provides guidance on writing an academic research proposal. It discusses that a research proposal outlines the overall plan and strategy to answer research questions or problems. It should state the objectives, hypotheses, and reasons for undertaking the study. The document then discusses the typical contents of a research proposal, including an introduction, theoretical and conceptual frameworks, literature review, methodology, and more. It provides examples and suggestions for how to format and structure each section of a research proposal. The focus is on ensuring the proposal clearly communicates what will be studied, how it will be studied, and why the proposed approach was selected.

Uploaded by

Renj Loise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of Research

Lesson 9: Writing Academic Research Proposal


Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte
Research Proposal

• An overall plan, scheme, structure and strategy


designed to answer the research questions or problems
that constitute the research project.
• It should outline the various tasks to undertake to fulfill
the research objectives, test hypotheses, or obtain
answer to the research questions. It should state the
reason for undertaking the study.
Research Proposal

• What you are proposing to do;


• How you plan to proceed;
• Why you selected the proposed strategy.
Contents of a Research Proposal

• An introduction • Setting of the study


• Theoretical framework • Research instrument
• Conceptual framework • Sampling design and sample size
• Research problem and objectives • Data processing procedure
• Hypothesis (if applicable) • Scope and limitation
• Study design • Time-frame
Research Proposal Format

• Universities and other institutions may have differing requirements


regarding the style and content of a research proposal. Requirements
may also vary within an institution, from discipline to discipline or
from supervisor to supervisor.
• Proposal should follow the prescribed guidelines and format and be
written in academic style.
• It must contain appropriate references in the body of the text and a
bibliography at the end.
• Relevant literature should cover major publications on the topic.
• Theoretical framework for the study must emerge from the literature
review and must have its grounding evidence.
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Introduction • Methodology
• The Problem (Main Problem) • Research Design
• Objectives (Sub-Problem) • Data Collection Method
• Hypothesis (If applicable0 • Sources of Data

• Framework • Sample, sample size and


sampling technique
• Theoretical Framework
• Instrumentation
• Conceptual Framework
• Statistical treatment
• Literature Review
• Thematic Presentation
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Introduction
• An overview of the main area under study;
• A historical perspective (development, growth, etc.) pertinent to the study
area;
• Philosophical or ideological issues relating to the topic;
• Trends in terms of prevalence (if appropriate);
• Major theories (if any);
• The main issues, problems and advances in the subject area under study;
• Important theoretical or practical issues relating to the central problem under
study;
Example of the Content of the Introduction
Example of the Content of the Introduction
Example of the Content of the Introduction
Research Proposal: Suggested Format
• The Problem and Objectives
• Research questions are interrogative statements that focus on what
variables or concepts are to be described and what relationships might
exist among them.
• A problem statement is a clear, concise description of what a particular
body of research intends to focus on. The statement is used to limit the
scope of the problem. It should also inform the reader of the
importance of the research and cause him to want to read on.
• Objectives are definitions of various aspects or dimensions of the
problem. They guide the researcher on what tasks or directions to
undertake to address the problem adequately. They are the criteria or
indicators with which to measure the key concepts or variables of the
study.
Example of Objectives
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Hypotheses
• A hypothesis is a statement of the assumptions about the prevalence of
a phenomenon or about a relationship between two variables that is
plan to test within the framework of the study.
Examples:
• H1-A student’s self-esteem and academic achievements at school are
positively correlated.
• H2-The greater the parental involvement in a student’s studies, the
higher the academic achievement.
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Framework
• a set of concepts—usually born out of a theory or a
combination of theories—that are logically and sequentially
arranged to describe, explain and perhaps even predict the
occurrence of phenomena being studied.
Levels of the Study Framework

• Theoretical
• Conceptual
• Operational
Each level might also feature a Model (theoretical, conceptual and
operational) that graphically illustrates the interconnections of the
frameworks constructs (theoretical model), its variables/concepts
(conceptual model) and subsequently, its measures/indicators
(operational model)
Formulating Theoretical Framework

• The theoretical framework of the study is a structure that can hold or


support a theory of a research work. It presents the theory which
explains why the problem under study exists.
• Thus, the theoretical framework is but a theory that serves as a basis
for conducting research.
• Purpose:
• It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of the study;
• It can provide him with a general framework for data analysis;
How should the theoretical framework formulated?

1. specifies the theory used as basis for the study


2. mentions the proponents of the theory
3. cites the main points emphasized in the theory
4. supports his exposition of the theory by ideas from other experts;
5. illustrates his theoretical framework by means of a diagram; and,
6. reiterates his theoretical proposition in the study.
Formulating Conceptual Framework

• The theoretical framework is an image or symbolic


representation of an abstract idea. Chinn and Kramer (1999)
define a concept as a “complex mental formulation of
experience”.

• While the theoretical framework is the theory on which the


study is based, the conceptual framework is the
operationalization of the theory.
Formulating Conceptual Framework

• Conceptual Framework is the researcher’s own position on


the problem and gives direction to the study.

• It may be an adaptation of a model used in a previous study,


with modifications to suit the inquiry.

• Aside from showing the direction of the study, through the


conceptual framework, the researcher can be able to show the
relationships of the different constructs that he wants to
investigate.
How should the conceptual framework formulated?

1. Specifies the theory used as basis for the study


2. Cite your conceptual framework or paradigm;
3. Identify your variables;
4. Point out the dependent and intervening variables;
5. Show the direction of the study.
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Introduction • Methodology
• The Problem (Main Problem) • Research Design
• Objectives (Sub-Problem) • Data Collection Method
• Hypothesis (If applicable0 • Sources of Data

• Framework • Sample, sample size and


sampling technique
• Theoretical Framework
• Instrumentation
• Conceptual Framework
• Statistical treatment
• Literature Review
• Thematic Presentation
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Methodology
• Research Design
• Data Collection Method
• Sources of Data
• Sample, sample size and sampling technique
• Instrumentation
• Statistical treatment
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Methodology
• Research Design
• Describe the study design you plan to use to answer
your research questions. (For example, say whether
it is a case study, descriptive, cross-sectional, before-
and-after, experiment etc.). Discuss why the chosen
design is the most appropriate.
Example
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Methodology
• Data Collection Method
• Describe the method in collecting data. (survey,
interview, FGD, observation). Discuss why the
chosen method is the most appropriate. Discuss the
tentative schedule of data collection.
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Methodology
• Sources of Data
• Describe the sources of data—primary or secondary
sources.
Research Proposal: Suggested Format
• Methodology
• Sample, sample size and sampling technique
• Respondent or subject of the research (unit of
analysis)
• The size of the sampling population (if known) and
from where and how the information will be
obtained
• The size of the sample
• Explanation of the sampling design
Example
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Methodology
• Instrumentation
• Describe the instrument to be used (Questionnaire,
Interview Schedule, Interview Guide, Observation
Guide etc.)
• Describe how the instrument was formulated and its
basis.
• Describe the validation technique used
Research Proposal: Suggested Format

• Methodology
• Statistical treatment
• Describe the strategy intended to use for data
analysis—manually or computerized
• If computer program will be used, describe the
program
Example
End!
Thank you
Lesson 9: Writing Academic Research Proposal
Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte

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