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Science Prof Online Science Prof Online
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From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port
 Biological
Classification
The Basics

VIDEO:
Taxonomy: Life’s Fili
ng System
from
Crash Course Biology

Image: Biological classification diagram, Peter Halasz From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website.
 Classifying Living Things
Biological classification provides
meaningful groupings of organisms
based on evolutionary relationships.
To learn which organisms are most Eubacteria Archaea Eukaryota
closely related, evidence is gathered
from:
– Fossil record
– Comparative homologies
Similarity of anatomy / physiology due to shared
ancestry

– Comparative sequencing of genetic

material (DNA & RNA) among
organisms

Q: Which of these three methods do you think

is most reliable in helping us understand the
“relatedness” of living things?

From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website. Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Eric Gaba, NASA Astrobiology institute.
 Classifying Living Things
Three Domains
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Eubacteria
- True bacteria
- Prokaryotes
Exs. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Eubacteria Archaea Eukaryota
Escherichia coli

Archaea
- Were thought to be same
as Bacteria until recently.
- Prokaryotes
Ex. Extremophiles

Eukaryota
- All eukayotic organisms.

Fall into 4 Kingdoms:

Protista – Ex. algae
Fungi – Ex. mushroom
Plantae – Ex. Maple tree
Animalia – Ex. you

From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website. Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Eric Gaba, NASA Astrobiology institute.
 Classifying Living Things
The hierarchy of
biological classification has eight major
taxonomic ranks which encompass all
known life.
How about a trick to help us remember
them?

And a little “Classification Rap” to help as

well?

Word to
your Mat’!

Image: Biological classification diagram, Peter Halasz From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website.
 Domain: Archaea
• Prokaryotic

• Lack peptidoglycan

• Binary fission

• Many live in extreme

environments.

• Not known to cause disease in

humans or animals.

• Had been considered bacteria

until examination of their unique
rRNA sequences.

• Include:
– Methanogens
– Extreme halophiles
– Extreme thermophiles
Image Archaea,:
From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website. Deinococcus radiodurans,
 Domain: Eubacteria
• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular
microorganisms found in
every habitat on Earth.
• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Binary fission
• There are all varieties…
pathogen, opportunist,
harmless & beneficial.
• In this class, we will be
meeting just g a few
representative
prokaryotes.

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Salmonella, Public Health Image Library,PHIL #10973
 Domain: Eukaryota
• Five major groups that interest microbiologists:

• Protozoans
(some can cause infectious disease)

• Fungi
(some can cause infectious disease)
• Helminths
(parasitic worms that can cause infectious disease)

• Algae
(DO NOT cause infectious disease in humans)

• Slime & Water Molds

(DO NOT cause infectious disease in humans)

• Includes both human pathogens and organisms

vital for human life.

Images: Aspergillus fumigatus spores, Janice Carr, PHIL

#9998; Oral candidiasis, D. Rosenbach, WikiPD From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website.
 Q: What was that clue to help us
remember the hierarchy of
biological classification?

Image: Biological classification diagram, Peter Halasz From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website.
 Classification of Organisms by Kingdom

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes
Monera
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Wiki
 Classifying Living Things: A Little Name Calling
Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms first proposed in the 1700s by Swedish
scientist Carolus Linnaeus.

In binomial nomenclature, each organism is given two Latinized names:

- Generic name (genus, pl. genera)
- Specific name (species)

Genus names are always capitalized; species names are lower case.

Genus and species names are always italicized or underlined when written.

Q: Why does everything need to have a name? And why a universally understood name?

Acer pseudoplatanus Canis lupus Vibrio cholerae Homo

sapiens

Image: Sycamore Maple, Jojan; Gray Wolf, Daniel Mott;

Cholera bacteria, Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility;
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 - 1778, Alexander Roslin From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website.
 REVIEW!
Video lesson on
Binomial Nomenclature

Q: What are
the three
rules for
writing a
scientific
name?

Canis lupus

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Gray Wolf, Daniel Mott
 Dichotomous Key
Simple Stain

Cocci
Bacilli
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Gram positive bacilli
Gram Gram negative
negative cocci positive bacilli Acid Fast stain
cocci
MacConkey’s
Acid Fast Not
Mannitol Salt
acid
No fast
Pink Mycobacterium
color
change colonies tuberculosis
Endospore stain
yellow pink
Salmonella
pullorum E. coli Forms
Intense pink
Staphylococcus Staphylococcus endospores
Enterobacter
aureus epidermis aerogenes
Light, uneven pink
Bacillus subtilus
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Confused?
Here are links to fun resources that further explain
biological classification:
• Biological Classification section of the science education website
Virtual Microbiology Classroom of Science Prof Online.

• “I’ve Got a Name” song by Jim Croche.

• Evolution of the Three Domains animated science tutorial.

• Classifying Life interactive game from PBS Nova.

• “Classification Rap” hilarious music video from 1989.

• Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation Station , a webpage with links

to audio files containing the pronunciation of the bacterial names, created
by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

• Tree of Life Cladogram, an interactive diagram on classification.

• Biological Classification: Kingdoms, video by Invictus1708.

(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)

From ScienceProfOnline.com, free science education website.
 Is your brain about to explode from biology overload?

Do yourself a favor. Visit…

Science Prof Online

a free science education website full of resources to help
you become a total genius, including:
• science articles
• PowerPoints
• practice test questions
• review questions
• study guides and learning objectives

www.ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki