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Argumentative Discourse

An argumentative discourse states a claim and supports it with evidence from credible sources. It must include ethos to establish the author's credibility, pathos to appeal to emotions, and logos using facts and statistics. A rebuttal addresses counterclaims by explaining why opposing views are not as persuasive or valid. Common weaknesses include logical fallacies like straw man arguments, appeals to authority, and hasty generalizations.

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151 views

Argumentative Discourse

An argumentative discourse states a claim and supports it with evidence from credible sources. It must include ethos to establish the author's credibility, pathos to appeal to emotions, and logos using facts and statistics. A rebuttal addresses counterclaims by explaining why opposing views are not as persuasive or valid. Common weaknesses include logical fallacies like straw man arguments, appeals to authority, and hasty generalizations.

Uploaded by

candece
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ARGUMENTATIVE

DISCOURSE
• An argument states a claim and supports it with reasons
WHAT IS AN and evidence from sources.

ARGUMENT • An argumentative essay must have:


• Ethos , Pathos and Logos
Credibility and integrity

ETHOS
Prove to the reader that you are
knowledgeable and trustworthy

Gives a balanced approach,


acknowledges differing points of vie
and provides support for your
viewpoint.
PATHOS

• Appeals to the readers needs, values, attitudes, encouraging them to commit themselves
to a viewpoint or course of action.
Soundness of argument

LOGOS The use of statistics, facts and


authoritative statements to
support a viewpoint.

Evidence must be unified,


specific, sufficient and accurate
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERSUASIVE
DISCOURSE AND AN ARGUMENTATIVE
DISCOURSE
PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTATIVE
• May make claims based on opinion • Makes claims based on factual evidence

• May not take opposing ideas into account   • Makes counter-claims. The author takes opposing views
into account.
• Persuades by appealing to the audience’s emotion
• Neutralizes or “defeat” serious opposing ideas
or by relying on the character or credentials of the
• Convinces the audience through the merit and
writer – less on the merits of
reasonableness of the claims and proofs offered.
• her or his reasons and evidence.   • Often compares texts or ideas to establish a position  
• Emotion-based • Logic-based
• Proposition and support - pattern or organization in
which a proposition/problem is stated and analysed and
then one or more solutions are proposed and supported
with evidence

ELEMENTS OF • Claim (proposition) - the writer's position on an issue


or problem.
AN ARGUMENT
• Support - any information that helps to prove a claim
• Evidence - a specific piece of information that supports
a claim
• Rebuttal – A written or verbal response to a
counterclaim. The object of the rebuttal is to take into
account the ideas presented in the counterclaim and
explain why they aren’t persuasive enough, valid
enough, or important enough to outweigh your own
claim.
CONTINUED
• Counterclaim – A solid and reasonable argument that
opposes or disagrees with your claim
• Conclusion - is a statement of belief based on evidence,
experience, and reasoning
• Claim: Bob- That was a lame movie.
• Suzan- Why?
• Evidence: The special effects were bad. The monsters
were obviously fake.
EVERYDAY
EXAMPLE • Counterclaim: Suzy- I thought the movie was good
because the acting was believable
• Rebuttal/refutation: Bob- Yes the acting was good but
the horrible special effects were too distracting and
caused some awkward moments
Fallacy - an error of reasoning. They diminish the strength of
an argument. Below are examples of commonly used
fallacies:
• Opposing the straw man – choosing a weak opposing
WEAKNESSES argument that is easy to discredit or arguing against a
IN ARGUMENTS claim that was not really made.
• Appeal to authority – using respected sources to impress
the reader or listener of the strength of your argument.
• Appealing to pity – preying on sympathy to elicit a
favourable response
• Begging the question – Presupposing the conclusion in
an argument and using circular reasoning.
• Hasty generalisation – a claim based on inadequate
evidence or evidence that is not representative
CONTINUED • Sweeping generalization – an absolute statement that
allows no exception. Words such as all, always, never
and no one are used.
 

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