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Basic SELECT Statement: SELECT Identifies What Columns FROM Identifies Which Table

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184 views

Basic SELECT Statement: SELECT Identifies What Columns FROM Identifies Which Table

jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj

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Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT]
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression
column|expression [alias],...}
[alias],...}
FROM
FROM table;
table;

 SELECT identifies what columns


 FROM identifies which table
Selecting All Columns

SELECT *
FROM departments;
Selecting Specific Columns

SELECT department_id, location_id


FROM departments;
Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions with number and date


data by using arithmetic operators.
Operator Description

+ Add

- Subtract

* Multiply

/ Divide
Using Arithmetic Operators

SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300


FROM employees;

…
Operator Precedence

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


FROM employees;

…
Using Parentheses

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)


FROM employees;

…
Defining a Null Value

A null is a value that is unavailable,
unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable.

A null is not the same as zero or a blank
space.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commis
FROM employees;

…
Null Values
in Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null
value
evaluate to null.
SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct
FROM employees;

…
Defining a Column Alias

A column alias:

Renames a column heading

Is useful with calculations

Immediately follows the column name -
there can also be the optional AS keyword
between the column name and alias

Requires double quotation marks if it
contains spaces or special characters or
is case sensitive
Using Column Aliases
SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct AS comm
FROM employees;

SELECT last_name "Name", salary*12 "Annual Salary"


FROM employees;

…
Using the Concatenation Operator

SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"


FROM employees;

…
Using Literal Character Strings

SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id


AS "Employee Details"
FROM employees;

…
Duplicate Rows

The default display of queries is all rows,


including
duplicate
SELECT rows.
SELECT department_id
department_id
FROM
FROM employees;
employees;

…
Eliminating Duplicate Rows

Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT


keyword in the SELECT clause.
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees;
Interacting with Script Files

SELECT last_name, hire_date, salary


FROM employees; 1

2
Interacting with Script Files
1

D:\temp\emp_sql.htm

SELECT last_name, hire_date, salary 2


FROM employees;

3
Interacting with Script Files

DESCRIBE employees
SELECT first_name, last_name, job_id 1
FROM employees;

3 2
Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:


• Write a SELECT statement that:
– Returns all rows and columns from a table
– Returns specified columns from a table
– Uses column aliases to give descriptive column
headings
• Use the iSQL*Plus environment to write, save, and
execute SQL statements and iSQL*Plus commands.
SELECT
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT]
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression
column|expression [alias],...}
[alias],...}
FROM
FROM table;
table;
Practice 1 Overview

This practice covers the following topics:



Selecting all data from different tables

Describing the structure of tables

Performing arithmetic calculations and
specifying column names

Using iSQL*Plus

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