Chapter 2

Quantity of Water and Sewage

WATER
Relation of Quantity and Population

Factors influencing water consumption:

1. Population
2. Climate
3. Economic level
4. Population density
5. Degree of industrialization
6. Cost
7. Pressure
8. Quality of supply
 Population estimation

1. Arithmetic method – the rate of growth is

constant.

dP dP/dt is the rate of change of

K population
dt K is an arithmetic constant

P K maybe determined graphically

K or from population in successive
t censuses

Pf  Po  Kt the population in the future

2. Uniform Percentage method – a rate of increase
which is proportional to population

dP
 K'P
dt

integrating this equation yields

ln P  ln PO  K ' t

When to use method 1 or method 2

*If the plot of population on succeeding censuses

shows a straight line, use method 1. If it shows
concave upward use method 2.
 3. Curvilinear method – involves the graphical
projection of the past population growth curve.
100000

95000

90000

85000

80000

75000

70000 A
B
65000
C
60000 D
E
55000

50000

45000

40000

35000

30000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 A
1950 1960 1970 1980 B
1965 1970 1975 1980 C
1955 1965 1975 1985 D
1963 1973 1983 1993
E
Conditions needed to apply this method:
a. Geographical proximity
b. Likeness of economic base
c. Access to similar transportation system
d. other factors

4. Logistic method - logistic curve forms an

S curve – combining a geometric rate of

growth at low population with a declining
growth rate as the city approaches some
limiting population.P – saturation population
Psat sat

P
1  e a bt a, b - constants
 2
2 P0 P1 P2  P1 ( P0  P2 )
Psat  2
P0 P2  P1

Psat  P2
a  ln
P2
n – the time interval between
1 P ( P  P1 ) succeeding censuses
b  ln 0 sat
n P1 ( Psat  P0 )

5. Declining Growth method – assumes that the

city has some limiting saturation population, and
that its rate of growth is a function of its
population deficit
 dP
 K ' ' ( Psat  P )
dt

1 Psat  P determined from successive censuses

K ' '   ln P and P0 are populations recorded n
n Psat  P0 years apart

P  P0  ( Psat  P0 )(1  e K ''t )

6. Ratio method – based on the assumption that the

ratio of the population of the city being studied to
that of the larger group will continue to change in
the future in the same manner that has occurred
in the past.
Ps P' Ps is the future population of the area understudy,
 S Ps’ the current population of the area under study
PG PG '
PG and PG’ are the population censuses of the
larger area.

Area under study

Larger area where area under

study is located
Effects of under estimation:

- Inadequacy of system requires

redesigning, reconstruction and
refinancing.

Effects of overestimation:

- Excess capacity shouldered by small

population resulting to higher unit cost
- System deterioration and technological
obsolescence
Water Use for Different Purposes

1. Domestic
- water furnished to houses, hotels, etc. for
sanitary, culinary and other purposes.
- 75 – 380 liters per capita per day
- 50% of total consumption

2. Commercial or industrial
- water furnished to factories, offices, stores etc.
- maybe self-supplied or dependent on municipal
system
- more than 200% of municipal demand
- around 15% of total consumption
3. Public use
- water furnished to public buildings, schools
flushing streets and fire protection
- 50 to 75 L per capita per day
- affects the peak rates

4. Loss and waste

- water which is “unaccounted for”
- maybe attributed to error in meter reading,
unauthorized connections, and leaks in the
distribution system
Variations in Water Use
Water consumption varies daily, weekly and monthly.

Records of flows measured at pumping stations or

water source are important in evaluating variations
in demand – time and location
Goodrich formula:
p is the percentage of the annual
0.10 average rate
p  180t t the length of period in days from
1
12 to 360

from this formula: max daily rate = 180% of annual average

weekly max = 148% of the annual average
monthly max = 128% of the annual average
Max hourly rate = 150% of the max daily rate
Min daily rate = 25 to 50% of the annual average
Fire Demand
F is the required in g/min (L/min ÷ 3.78)
C is the coefficient related to the type of
F  18CA0.5 construction
- 1.5 for wood frame
- 1.0 for ordinary construction
- 0.8 for noncombustible construction
- 0.6 for fire resistive construction
A is the total floor area in ft 2 (m 2 x10.76)
excluding basement

500 gal/min(1890 L/min – 12,000 gal/min

( 45,360 L/min) – range of demand for fire
Fire flow must be maintained for a minimum of
4 hrs or at most 10 hrs
Example:

A community with 22,000 population has an average

consumption of 600 Lpcd and a fire flow dictated by a building
of ordinary construction with a floor area of 1000 m2 and a
height of six stories. Compute the maximum rate & total flow.

Solution:
Ave domestic demand = 22,000 x 600 = 13.2 x 10 L/day
6

6 6
Max daily demand = 1.8 x 13.2 x 10 = 23.76 x 10 L/day
F = 18(1)(1000 x 10.76 x 6) = 4574 gal/min = 24.89 x 10 6
0.5

Lpd 10 6 10 6
Max rate = (23.76 + 24.89) x Lpd= 48.65 x Lpd

10 6
to maintain fire flow for 10 hours for the day 10 6
Total flow = [23.76 + 24.89 (10/24)] x = 34.13 x L
or 1551 Lpcd
Design Periods for Water Supply Components
Basis for an economic design period:
a. life of component
b. initial cost
c. ease for expansion
d. obsolescence by technical advances

1. Development of source – 5 to 50 years

- groundwater source is given 5 years
- it depends on what structures are constructed to
collect the water source
- design capacity is based on the max daily demand
rate

2. Pipeline from the source – 25 years or more

- generally designed for long life
- based on the average daily flow at the end of design
pd
3. Water treatment plant – 10 to 15 years
- based on the average daily flow
- hydraulic design should be based on the maximum
anticipated flow

4. Pumping plant facilities – 10 years

- based on the maximum flow including fire demand,
average flow and minimum flow at the end of design
flow
- total installed pumping facility will exceed max flow

5. Storage – 10 years
- relatively inexpensive and to construct
- life quite long, hence seldom replaced
- based on the average consumption, fire demand, max
hour, max day, max week, max month and capacity of
the source and pipelines from the source
 6. Distribution system – indefinite
- life is long and replacement expensive
- capacity based on max anticipated development:
population densities, zoning regulation and other
factors affecting per capita flow.
- design is based on max hourly flow plus fire demand

SEWAGE
- liquid wastes produced in residences commercial
establishments, and institutions (sanitary or domestic sewage);

- liquid wastes discharged from industries (industrial wastes);

and

-any subsurface, surface, or storm water (infiltration, inflow,

storm sewage)
Sanitary sewers – carry domestic sewage, industrial
waste, and whatever ground, surface and storm water
that enters through joints, manhole covers and
defects in the system

Storm sewers – carry the surface and storm water

passing through or generated in the area which they
serve

Combined sewers – carry all types of sewage in the

same conduits
Relation to water use
- Estimation of sewage flows considers the present water
consumption and that expected in the future
- Proportion of the water supplied which will reach sewers
depends upon the local condition
- May vary from 70 -130 % of water consumed

Infiltration and Inflow

Infiltration
– water which enters sewers through poor joints, cracked
pipes, and the walls of the manholes.
- drawn from the soil and may occur even in dry weather
Inflow
- enters through perforated manhole covers, roof drains
connected to the sewers, drains from flooded cellars
- associated with runoff events (rainfall)
Factors affecting the amount of infiltration;
a. Construction of sewer system
b. Height of groundwater table
c. Character of soil
- Infiltration in old systems = 35 to 115 m3/km-day
- For new sewer projects = 45 L/km-day per mm diameter
Values taken from public sewers

Fluctuations in sewage flow

- gaugings of flow from existing sewers shld be made to

determine the actual variations
- sewage flows vary daily, weekly, season of the year, weather

conditions
 Design Periods for Sewerage System Components

1. Sewer pipes – indefinite period

- long lived and expensive to replace
- based a the ultimate development of the area
- design based on the max anticipated flow rate with sewers
flowing full

2. Sewage pumping – 10 years

- average, maximum and minimum rate flow during design pd
- easy to expand and relatively short lived

3. Sewage treatment – 15 to 20 years

- based on average or peak flow rate expected
Seatwork:
1. A community has experienced the growth in population and
water use shown. Estimate the population, per capita water
use and total average daily demand in the year 2024.
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Population 8000 8990 11300 14600 18400
Ave. daily flow,m 3 2270 2720 3630 4970 6600
2. Estimate the the maximum daily rate, max hourly rate, and
minimum hourly rate of water use for the above problem.
What volume of water would be used in the maximum week?
maximum month?
3. A community’s population is estimated to be 35,000 20 years
from now. The present population is 28,000 and the average
3
water consumption is 16,000 m / day . The existing water
3
treatment plant has a design capacity of 19,000 m / day .
Assuming an arithmetic rate of population growth, determine
in what year the plant will reach design capacity.