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Wet Bulb Temperature: Dr. Muhammad Rizwan Assistant Professor Nfc-Iet

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Given: Dry bulb temperature (T) = 310 K Wet bulb temperature (Tw) = 300 K Latent heat of vaporization (λ) = 2440 kJ/kg Total pressure (P) = 105 kN/m2 Vapor pressure of water at Tw = 3.60 kN/m2 Vapor pressure of water at T = 6.33 kN/m2 2) Using the wet bulb temperature equation: (H - Hw) = (h/hDρλ)(T - Tw) (H - Hw) = 1(T - Tw) = 1 * 10 K = 0

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189 views

Wet Bulb Temperature: Dr. Muhammad Rizwan Assistant Professor Nfc-Iet

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Given: Dry bulb temperature (T) = 310 K Wet bulb temperature (Tw) = 300 K Latent heat of vaporization (λ) = 2440 kJ/kg Total pressure (P) = 105 kN/m2 Vapor pressure of water at Tw = 3.60 kN/m2 Vapor pressure of water at T = 6.33 kN/m2 2) Using the wet bulb temperature equation: (H - Hw) = (h/hDρλ)(T - Tw) (H - Hw) = 1(T - Tw) = 1 * 10 K = 0

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SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER

Wet Bulb Temperature

Dr. Muhammad Rizwan


Assistant Professor
NFC-IET
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
 The wet bulb temperature is the lowest temperature an object may be cooled to by the
process of evaporation. After achieving this lowest temperature, equilibrium is
achieved (for air-water system only).
 Wet bulb temperature is largely determined by both actual air temperature (dry-bulb
temperature) and the amount of moisture in air (humidity).
 At 100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature equals the dry-bulb temperature.
 When a stream of unsaturated gas is passed over the surface of a liquid or through a
thermometer’s bulb covered by a wet wick, the humidity of the gas is increased due
to evaporation of liquid.
 As the process is adiabatic, the latent heat is supplied first by cooling the liquid
 As the temperature of the liquid falls below that of the gas, sensible heat is transferred
from the gas to the liquid.
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
 At equilibrium, the rate of heat transfer from the gas just balances that required to
vaporize the liquid and the liquid is said to be at the wet-bulb temperature.
 The rate at which this temperature is reached depends on the initial temperatures
and the rate of flow of gas past the liquid surface.
 With a small area of contact between the gas and the liquid and a high gas flow rate,
the temperature and the humidity of the gas stream remain virtually unchanged.
 The rate of heat transfer from the gas to the liquid can be written as:

………………….(A)

Where,
Q – the heat flow
h – coefficient of heat transfer

A – area for heat transfer

 – temperature of the gas


w – temperature of liquid phase
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
The rate of heat required to effect vaporization at this rate:
𝑄=𝑤
  λ ………………….(1)
 
Where,
w – rate of evaporation
– latent heat of vaporization

The liquid evaporating into the gas is transferred by diffusion from the interface to the
gas stream as a result of a concentration difference (C0 - C),
Where,
C0 – the concentration of the vapor at the surface (mass per unit volume)

C – is the concentration in the gas stream


The rate of evaporation is then given by:

Where hD is the coefficient of mass transfer.


Now C0 and C can be expressed in terms of Pw0 and Pw respectively as:
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
𝑃𝑉 𝑚
  =𝑛𝑅𝑇   =
𝑃𝑉 𝑅𝑇
𝑀

 𝑚 = 𝑃𝑀
𝑉 𝑅𝑇

For vapors, mw/V is expressed as concentration ‘C’

So,
  Pw and   Pw0

Putting these values in eq:

  - Pw )

  - Pw ) ………………….(2)
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
The partial pressures of the vapors Pw and Pw0 may be expressed in terms of the
corresponding humidities H and Hw as:

  𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑤
𝐻=
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤 𝑀 𝐴

  𝑤=( 𝑃− 𝑃𝑤 ) 𝑀𝐴
𝑃 𝐻 ………………….(i)
𝑀𝑤
Similarly,
𝑀𝐴
𝑃  𝑤 0=(𝑃− 𝑃𝑤 0) 𝐻𝑤 ………………….(ii)
𝑀𝑤

Putting (i) and (ii) in eq (2):

 - )]
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
If Pw and Pw0 are small compared with P then (P - Pw) and (P – Pw0) may be replaced
by a mean partial pressure of the gas PA.
 - ]

 - ]

 - ]

 - ]
 
Where,
– density of gas at PA

The rate of heat required to maintain this rate of evaporation is:

𝑄=𝑤
  λ
𝑄=h
  𝐷 𝐴 𝐴 ¿ ………………….(B)
WET BULB TEMPERATURE:
At equilibrium, rate of heat transfer from gas to liquid and rate of heat required to
effect vaporization at this rate are equal, so equating eqs (A) and (B).

  hA( - w)

  h
𝐻 −  𝐻 𝑤=− (  - w )
h𝐷𝐴 λ
 Both h and hD are dependent on the equivalent gas film thickness, and thus any decrease in
the thickness, as a result of increasing the gas velocity for example, increases both h and hD.

 The wet bulb temperature, w, depends on the temp and humidity of the gas that is why is w
always determined at two conditions:
a. At high velocities (more than 5 m/s)
b. Small contact area

So that the conditions of the gas i.e., ‘T’ and ‘H’ do not change and the ratio h/hD has reached a
constant value

 For air-water system, the ratio (h/hDA) is about 1.0 kJ/kg.K and for organic liquid varies from
1.5 – 2.0 kJ/kg.K.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

Example 13.3 (Coulson):


Moist air at 310 K has a wet-bulb temperature of 300 K. If the latent heat of
vaporisation of water at 300 K is 2440 kJ/kg, estimate the humidity of the air
and the percentage relative humidity. The total pressure is 105 kN/m 2 and the
vapour pressure of water vapour at 300 K is 3.60 kN/m 2 and 6.33 kN/m2 at 310
K.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

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