Object Oriented Programming

Course Code: MCSE-5102

Lectures 2

Course Teacher: Md. Mahadi Hassan

Associate Professor, CSE, IIUC

Prepared by MMH1
Contents

 Keywords
 Identifiers
 Variables
 Data types
 Operators and Expressions
 Type conversion
 Escape Sequences & ASCII code
 Programming Style & Naming Convention
 Error and debugging
 Taking Input from Keyboard
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Java Keywords

3
Keywords
 Java Keywords are reserved:
abstract assert boolean break byte case catch
char class const continue default do double
else enume extends final finally float for goto
if implements import instanceof if int interface
long new return short switch this private
public try while void throws …………. 50
words

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Java Identifiers

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Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or
a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. “Java
Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
 An identifier can be of any length.

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Java Variables

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Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ + area + "
for radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ + area + "
for radius "+radius);

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Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

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Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

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Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int x = 1;

 double d = 1.4;

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Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;

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Java Data Types

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 Numerical Data Types
Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 (-128) to 27–1 (127) 8-bit signed

short –215 (-32768) to 215–1 (32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263–1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808
to 9223372036854775807)
float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754
-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to
-4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
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Java Operators
and Expressions

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Numeric Operators

Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2

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Integer Division

+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

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 Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an even
number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always 1. So you
can use this property to determine whether a number is even or odd.
Suppose today is Saturday and you and your friends are going
to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10 days? You can find that
day is Tuesday using the following expression:

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days

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 NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are
stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with integers
yield a precise integer result.

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Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly in
the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0
are literals in the following statements:
 
int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

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 Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error would
occur if the literal were too large for the variable to hold. For
example, the statement byte b = 1000 would cause a
compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored in a
variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose value
is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647). To
denote an integer literal of the long type, append it with the
letter L or l. L is preferred because l (lowercase L) can easily
be confused with 1 (the digit one).

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 Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal point.
By default, a floating-point literal is treated as a
double type value. For example, 5.0 is considered a
double value, not a float value. You can make a
number a float by appending the letter f or F, and
make a number a double by appending the letter d or
D. For example, you can use 100.2f or 100.2F for a
float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D for a double
number.

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Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2, same
as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and
1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e)
represents an exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.

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 Arithmetic Expressions

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

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 How to Evaluate an Expression

Though Java has its own way to evaluate an expression behind

the scene, the result of a Java expression and its corresponding
arithmetic expression are the same. Therefore, you can safely
apply the arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java expression.
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
53 25
Shortcut Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i += 8 i = i + 8
-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0
*= i *= 8 i = i * 8
/= i /= 8 i = i / 8
%= i %= 8 i = i % 8

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Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
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 Increment and Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
++var preincrement The expression (++var) increments var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the increment.
var++ postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value
in var and increments var by 1.
--var predecrement The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and evaluates
to the new value in var after the decrement.
var-- postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value
in var and decrements var by 1.

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Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;

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Increment and Decrement Operators,
cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

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 Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as statements.
Since Java 2, only the following types of expressions can be
statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;

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 Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:

byte i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;

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 Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically converts
the operand based on the following rules:
 
1.    If one of the operands is double, the other is converted
into double.
2.    Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3.    Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4.    Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.

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 Type Casting

Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)
What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

range increases

byte, short, int, long, float, double

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 Character Data Type
Four hexadecimal digits.
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be

used on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode
character. For example, the following statements display
character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
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 Unicode Format
Java characters use Unicode, a 16-bit encoding scheme
established by the Unicode Consortium to support the
interchange, processing, and display of written texts in the
world’s diverse languages. Unicode takes two bytes,
preceded by \u, expressed in four hexadecimal numbers
that run from '\u0000' to '\uFFFF'. So, Unicode can
represent 65535 + 1 characters.
Unicode \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 for three Greek
letters

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 Problem: Displaying Unicodes
Write a program that displays two Chinese characters
and three Greek letters.

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Escape Sequences for Special Characters

Description Escape Sequence Unicode

Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000A
Carriage return \r \u000D
Backslash \\ \u005C
Single Quote \' \u0027
Double Quote \" \u0022 38
Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

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 ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

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 Casting between char and Numeric
Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

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The String Type

The char type only represents one character. To represent a string of

characters, use the data type called String. For example,
 
String message = "Welcome to Java";
 
String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the
System class and JOptionPane class. The String type is not a primitive
type. It is known as a reference type. Any Java class can be used as a
reference type for a variable. Reference data types will be thoroughly
discussed in Chapter 7, “Objects and Classes.” For the time being, you
just need to know how to declare a String variable, how to assign a
string to the variable, and how to concatenate strings.

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 String Concatenation

// Three strings are concatenated

String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";
 
// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2
String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2
 
// String Supplement is concatenated with character B
String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB

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Programming Style and
Documentation
 Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing
Lines
 Block Styles

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Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Variables and method names:
 Use lowercase. If the name consists of
several words, concatenate all in one, use
lowercase for the first word, and capitalize the
first letter of each subsequent word in the
name. For example, the variables radius and
area, and the method computeArea.

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Naming Conventions, cont.
 Class names:
 Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

 Constants:
 Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE

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 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
 Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
 Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
 Produces incorrect result

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 Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
i = 30;
System.out.println(i + 4);
}
}

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 Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1 / 0;
}
}

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 Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
// Determine if a number is between 1 and 100 inclusively
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Prompt the user to enter a number
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Please enter an integer:",
"ShowLogicErrors", JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
int number = Integer.parseInt(input);
 
// Display the result
System.out.println("The number is between 1 and 100, " +
"inclusively? " + ((1 < number) && (number < 100)));
 
System.exit(0);
}
}

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 Debugging

Logic errors are called bugs. The process of finding and

correcting errors is called debugging. A common approach to
debugging is to use a combination of methods to narrow down
to the part of the program where the bug is located. You can
hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by reading the
program), or you can insert print statements in order to show
the values of the variables or the execution flow of the
program. This approach might work for a short, simple
program. But for a large, complex program, the most effective
approach for debugging is to use a debugger utility.

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 Debugger

Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.

You can use a debugger to

Execute a single statement at a time.

Trace into or stepping over a method.
Set breakpoints.
Display variables.
Display call stack.
Modify variables.

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Taking Inputs in Java

54
Two of the ways of obtaining input.

1. Using the Scanner class (console input)

2. Using JOptionPane input dialogs

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 Reading Input from the Console
1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

2. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),

nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble(), or
nextBoolean() to obtain to a string, byte, short, int,
long, float, double, or boolean value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();

56
Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter an input");

57
 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, “Prompting Message”, “Dialog Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);

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Two Ways to Invoke the Method

There are several ways to use the showInputDialog method. For the
time being, you only need to know two ways to invoke it.
One is to use a statement as shown in the example:

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, x,

y, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);

where x is a string for the prompting message, and y is a string for

the title of the input dialog box.

The other is to use a statement like this:

JOptionPane.showInputDialog(x);
where x is a string for the prompting message.
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Converting Strings to Integers

The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If

you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns “123”.
To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a
string into a number.
 
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the static
parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
 
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
 
where intString is a numeric string such as “123”.
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Converting Strings to Doubles

To convert a string into a double value, you can use the

static parseDouble method in the Double class as
follows:
 
double doubleValue
=Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
 
where doubleString is a numeric string such as
“123.45”.

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 Sample problems:
 Write a program to find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle
given the length of other two sides.
 Write a program to compute the area of the triangle given the values
of A, B and C.
 Area of a triangle is given by the formula Area = √(S (S – A) (S – B)
(S – C)) where A, B and C are the sides of triangle and 2S = A + B +
C. 2 3 4
 Evaluate the polynomial: 
   
x 1 x  1  
x  1  
x  1
Y  
    2   3   4 
 x   x   x   x 
where the value of x is given from the keyboard.
Write a program to calculate the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 +
bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are known.
Write a program to determine show the ranges and bit width of
different data types.
62