SQL Server 2012: Common Tasks

and Solutions for Non-SQL

Administrators
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Module 5: Managing SQL
Server Databases

Module Overview

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Module 5: Managing SQL
Server Databases

Section 1: System and User Lesson 1: Understanding System

Databases and User Databases

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What is a Database?

• A collection of objects.

Server 1
INST1 Master INST2

AdventureWorks2012
Model
Stored
Tables Views
Procedures
MSDB
Functions

TempDB

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System Databases

MSDB ––Used
Model
Resource
TempDB
Master by information.
Template.
–System SQL
– Temporary
Hidden Server
database. Agent.
user objects.

Master
INST1

Model
Server 1 Resource
MSDB

TempDB

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Is it supported to directly update system objects?

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Demonstration: Viewing
System Databases
User Databases

• A maximum of 32,767 databases.

INST1

AdventureWorks2012

Person.Address
Server 1

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Demonstration : Create a
User Database
Lab: Create a User Database
Lesson Knowledge Check

How many system database does a SQL Server instance have?

What is the master database used for?

How many user databases can a SQL Server instance have?

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Module 5: Managing SQL
Server Databases

Section 1: System and User Lesson 2: Understanding Files

Databases and Filegroups

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Database Files Logical_file_name – mydb.
OS_file_name
-E:\MSSQL11….\DATA
\MyDB.mdf
Stores the data.
Asynchronous,
Random, Database Files
Read, Write Stores changes to
the data.
Synchronous,
Sequential, Write.
Stores data and info Data Log Extention- .ldf
about other files.
Extention - .mdf

Stores data.
Primary Secondary Extention - .ndf

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Database Filegroups

Data Log

Primary Secondary2 Secondary Secondary3

Primary Filegroup User-defined Filegroup User-defined

Filegroup2

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Demonstration: Add a file
and a filegroup to a database
Lab: Add files and filegroup
Lesson Knowledge Check

What are the two types of filegroup?

Which filegroup is the transaction log file a part of?

Can you create more than one transaction log file for a database?

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Module 5: Managing SQL
Server Databases

Section 2: Database Lesson 1: How to configure

Configuration automatic options for databases?

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Auto Growth
•Controls how the file grows
Manage
Proactively

AutoGrowth
Exponential Constant
growth.
File Growth growth.
Not recommended. Recommended!

Percent Megabytes

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Auto Shrink
• Automatically reduces the size and compacts the data and log files.

AutoShrink

Data File Log File

Shrinks when Shrinks when a

records are part of the log file
deleted or purged is marked as
inactive.

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What are the performance implications of auto growth
and auto shrink options?

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Best Practices for auto growth and auto shrink

• Use auto-growth as contingency for unexpected growth

Proactively monitor available space

Expand them manually when necessary

• Configure auto-growth with a fixed size growth increment of less than 1 GB

Exact value depends on your environment

Test it

• Leave Auto Shrink option to the default value (False)

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Auto Close

• Shuts down the database after the last user exits.

• OFF by default.

• Best Practice – Leave this option to the default value (False).

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Auto Create Statistics

• Automatically creates statistics for columns in a predicate.

• ON by default.

• Best Practice – Leave this option to the default value (True).

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Auto Update Statistics

• Automatically updates the statistics

• ON by default.

• Best Practice – Leave this option to the default value (True).

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Auto Update Statistics Asynchronously

• Updates the statistics asynchronously.

• Current query uses stale statistics.

• OFF by default.

• If AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS_ASYNC is to be turned ON then

AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS needs to be ON as well.

• Best Practice

Leave this option to the default value (False).

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Demonstration: Configuring
auto options
Lesson Knowledge Check

What is the recommended value for auto shrink and why?

What is the recommended value for auto create statistics and auto update statistics?

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Module 5: Managing SQL
Server Databases

Section 2: Database Lesson 2: How to configure other

Configuration databases options?

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Recovery Models

Recovery Model

Simple Bulk Logged Full

Controls the behavior of the Transaction log

• What's written

• How it is backed up and maintained

• How much data is recoverable

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 Page Verify
• Discovers damaged database pages.

Page Verify
Deprecated
in SQL 2012 Recommended!

Torn Page
None Checksum
Detection

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Compatibility Level
• Affects database behavior.

Compatibility Level Set to latest

after thorough
testing

SQL 2005 SQL 2008 SQL 2012

(90) (100) (110)

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Is compatibility level 80 (SQL Server 2000) supported in SQL Server 2012?

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Collation
• Sorting rules, case and accent sensitivity
* Latin1_General = ASCII encoding
* CP1 = Code Page 1
* CI = Case Insensitive
* AS = Accent Sensitive

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Demonstration: Configuring
database options
Lab: Configure a user
database as per best practices
Lesson Knowledge Check

When should you use simple recovery model?

Should the compatibility level be changed for a database after an upgrade?

Is it ok to leave the compatibility level to a lower level as a permanent solution?

What is the default page verify value for a database in SQL 2012?

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Module 5: Managing SQL Server
Databases

Section 3: Data Storage Lesson 1: How to store data in

SQL Server?

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Storage Best Practices

• Separate physical disks for user data, log and tempDB

• Preferred file allocation unit (FAU) size – 64KB

64KB 64KB 64KB

User Data User Log TempDB
User User Data
Data Log
User Data User Log
TempDB Log
User Data User Log

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Storage Best Practices

• Up-to-date HBA drivers, firmware

• Design for ideal disk latency

Ideal latency <10 ms Ideal Latency < 1 ms

64KB 64KB 64KB

User Data User Log TempDB
User User Data
Data Log
User Data User Log
TempDB Log
User Data User Log

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Tempdb Best Practices

• Create multiple tempdb data files

For <= 8 logical processors, # data files = # logical processors

For > 8 logical processors, start with 8 and increase by 4 if contention continues
• Set the size of tempdb to an appropriate value

• Ensure all tempdb data files are the same size

• Implement trace flags –T1117 and -T1118

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Partition Alignment Best Practices

• Required only on disks formatted before Windows Server 2008.

Default value for Windows Server 2008 and above = 1024KB

• Partitions created on Windows Server 2003 and lower are not aligned by default.

Partition alignment must be explicitly performed.

• Performance gains of up to 30% seen in test environments.

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Instant File Initialization

• Initializes data files instantaneously.

• This allows faster execution of operations.

• Log files are not initialized.

• Requires “Perform Volume Maintenance Tasks” right.

If your SQL Server service is running as a local administrator this permission

already exists.
• Available in all SQL Server editions.

• Not available when Transparent Data Encryption is enabled.

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Are there any security considerations for instant file initialization?

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Lab: Configure tempdb
database
Lesson Knowledge Check

What is the preferred file allocation unit size for SQL Server?

How many tempdb data files should you have?

Is there any down-side in implementing trace flags 1117 and 1118?

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Module 5: Managing SQL Server
Databases

Section 4: SQL Server Security Lesson 1: Authenticating and

authorizing SQL users

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Login

• Allows connection to the database engine

• Types:

SQL

Windows

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User

• Access to the database

• Can be mapped to a valid login

• Specific to a single database

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Logins and Users

Network connection request/pre-login handshake

Connect to SQL Server
Login authentication request to SQL Server

Establish login credentials

Switch to a database and authorize access

Establish a database context

Attempt to perform some action

Verify permissions for all actions

against a database

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DBO and Guest User
DBO
• Performs all activities in the database

• Members of sysadmin role, sa login

and database owner are mapped to DBO

• Cannot be deleted

Guest
• Allows logins without user accounts to access database

• Disabled by default in user databases

• Cannot be dropped but you can prevent it from accessing a database

• Must NOT be disabled from master and tempdb

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What is the guest user useful for?

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Demonstration: Managing
guest user access
Roles

Server Roles

• Fixed server roles

• User-defined server roles (new in SQL Server 2012)

Database Roles

• Fixed database roles

• User-defined database roles

Application roles

• Assign rights to applications instead of users

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What is the public server role?

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Demonstration: Create a
user-defined server role
Lesson Knowledge Check

Can you create a user without being mapped to a login?

Can you drop a guest user?

Why must you take care while granting permissions to Public server role?

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