GEd 102 – Mathematics in the Modern World

MODULE 2: FOUR BASIC

CONCEPTS
Presented by:
Joseph Macalalad
First Semester, AY 2020-2021
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Pablo Borbon
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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
 Define what a set and its basic terminologies.
 Differentiate two ways in describing sets.
 Perform basic operations on set.
 Define what a relation and a function is.
 Translate relation and function into a diagram.
 Name and apply the different properties of a relation and function.
 Identify the domain and range in a relation and function.
 Evaluate a function.
 Define and perform a binary operation.
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INTRODUCTION

In this module, it will be discussed the four basic

concepts in mathematics such as sets and its basic
operation, the functions, relations and the binary
operations.
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DISCUSSION

I. SETS AND SUBSETS

A. The Language of Sets
Use of the word “set” as a formal mathematical term was
introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor. For most mathematical
purposes we can think of a set intuitively, as Cantor did, simply
as a collection of elements.
So, by definition:
A set is a collection of well-defined objects.
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Illustration:
A set of counting numbers from 1 to 10
A set of an English alphabet from a to e
A set of even numbers
A set of an integers
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Note:
  A set is denoted with braces or curly brackets { } and
label or name the set by a capital letter such as A, B, C,…
etc.
A set of counting numbers from 1 to 5 A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
A set of English alphabet from a to d B = { a, b, c, d }
A set of all even positive integers C = { 2, 4, 6, 8, … }
A set of an integers D = { …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
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 
Now, if S is a set, the notation x S means that x is an element of
S. The notation x S means that x is not an element of S.
So, what is an element of a set?

Element of a set
Each member of the set is called an element and the notation
means that an item belongs to a set.
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 
Illustration:
Say A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
1 A; 3 A; 5 A
Is 6 is an element of set A? Since in a given set A above, we could
not see six as an element of set A, thus we could say that;
6 is not an element of set A or
6A
Note: Each element is a set should be separated by comma.
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TERMINOLOGIES OF SETS
1.  Unit Set
  Unit set is a set that contains only one element.
Illustration:
A = { 1 }; B = { c }; C = { banana }
2. Empty set or Null set;
Empty or null set is a set that has no element.
Illustration:
A={}
A set of seven yellow carabaos
 
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3. Finite set
A finite set is a set that the elements in a given set is countable.
Illustration:
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
B = { a, b, c, d }

4. Infinite set
An infinite set is a set that elements in a given set has no end or not
countable.
Illustration: 
A set of counting numbers
A = { …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
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5. Cardinal number; n
Cardinal number are numbers that used to measure the number of elements in a given
set. It is just similar in counting the total number of element in a set.
Illustration:
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } n = 4
B = { a, c, e }n = 3
6. Equal set
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be equal if and only if they have equal number of
cardinality and the element/s are identical. There is a 1 -1 correspondence.
 Illustration:
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = { 3, 5, 2, 4, 1}
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7. Equivalent sets
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be equivalent if and only if they have
the exact number of element. There is a 1 – 1 correspondence.
Illustration:
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } B = { a, b, c, d, e }
8. Universal set
The universal set U is the set of all elements under discussion.
Illustration:
A set of an English alphabet U = {a, b, c, d, …, z}
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9. Joint sets
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be joint sets if and only if they have
common element/s.
A = { 1, 2, 3}B = { 2, 4, 6 }
Here, sets A and B are joint set since they have common element such as
10. Disjoint Sets
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be disjoint if and only if they are
mutually exclusive or if they don’t have common element/s.
A = { 1, 2, 3}B = { 4, 6, 8 }
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B. Two ways of describing a set

1. Roster or Tabular Method
It is done by listing or tabulating the elements of the set.
2. Rule or Set-builder Method
It is done by stating or describing the common characteristics
of the elements of the set. We use the notation A = { x | x … }
 
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 
Illustration:
a. A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
A = {x | x is a counting number from 1 to 5}
A = { x | x N, x < 6}

b. B = { a, b, c, d, …, z }
B = {x | x English alphabet}
B = { x | x is an English alphabet}
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C.  Subsets

A subset, A B, means that every element of A is also an element

of B
If x A, then x B.
In particular, every set is a subset of itself, A A.
A subset is called a proper subset, A is a proper subset of B, if A B
and there is at least one element of B that is not in A:
If x A, then x B and there is an element b such that b B and b
A.
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NOTE1: The empty set. or {} has no elements and is a subset of
every set for every set A, A A.
 
The number of subsets of a given set is given by , where n is
the number of elements of the given set.
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D. EXPRESSIONS VERSUS SENTENCES

 
Illustration:
How many subsets are there in a set A = {1, 2, 3 }? List down all
the subsets of set A. Number of subsets = = = 8 subsets
With one element With three elements
{1} ; {2} ; {3} { 1, 2, 3 }
With two elements With no elements
{ 1, 2 } ;{ 1, 3 }; { 2, 3 } {}
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D. Ordered Pairs
Given elements a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the
ordered pair consisting of a and b together with the
specification that “a” is the first element of the pair and
“b” is the second element. Two ordered pairs (a,b) and
(c,d) are equal iff a = c and b = d. Symbolically;
  (a, b) = (c, d) means that a = c and b = d
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Illustration:
A. If (a, b) = (3, 2), what would be the value of a and b.
Here, by definition that two ordered pairs (a,b) and
(c,d) are equal iff a = c and b = d.
Hence, a = 3 and b = 2.
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B. Find x and y if (4x + 3, y) = (3x + 5, – 2).

Solution:
Since (4x + 3, y) = (3x + 5, – 2), so 4x + 3 = 3x + 5
4x + 3 = 3x + 5 transpose
4x – 3x = 5 – 3 Simplify
x=2
Solving for x, we got x = 2 and obviously y = – 2.
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E. OPERATIONS OF SETS
   can be combined in a number of different ways to produce another set.
Sets
Here are the basic operations on sets.
1. Union of Sets
The union of sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set defined as:
A B = { x | x A or x B }
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} , then
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} .
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} , then
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} .
Note that elements are not repeated in a set.
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2.  Intersection of Sets

The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set defined
as :
A B = { x | x A and x B }
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} then
A B = {1, 2} .
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} then
A B=
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3.  Difference of Sets

The difference of sets A from B , denoted by A - B , is the set defined as
A - B = { x | x A and x B }
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} then
A - B = {3} .
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} , then
A - B = {1, 2, 3} .
Example : 3 If A = {a, b, c, d } and B = {a, c, e } , then
A - B = {b, d } .
Note that in general A - B B - A
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4. Compliment of Set
 
For a set A, the difference U - A , where U is the universe, is
called the complement of A and it is denoted by . Thus is the
set of everything that is not in A.
 
Example: Let U = { a, e, i, o, u } and A = { a, e }
 
then = { i, o u }
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5. Cartesian Product
 
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B,
denoted by A x B and read as “A cross B”, is the set of all
ordered pair (a,b) where a is in A and b is in B.
Symbolically:

A x B = {(a, b) | a A and b B} Note

that A x B is not equal to B x A.

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Illustration:
If A = { 1, 2} and B = {a, b}, what is A x B?
A x B = {(1,a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}.
How many elements in a A x B?
Example 1: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b}. Then
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)} .
Example 2: For the same A and B as in Example 1,
B x A = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3)} .
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VENN DIAGRAM

A Venn diagram is an illustration of the relationships

between and among sets, groups of objects that share
something in common. Usually, Venn diagrams are used
to depict set intersections (denoted by an upside-down
letter U). This type of diagram is used in scientific and
engineering presentations, in theoretical mathematics,
in computer applications, and in statistics.
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VENN DIAGRAM ON SETS OPERATION