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Is The Research Investigation Providing Answers To The Research Questions For Which It Was Undertaken?

The document discusses concepts of validity and reliability in research. It defines validity as measuring what the research intends to measure using appropriate methods. There are several types of validity discussed: face validity, content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity. Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of research tools. Methods for determining reliability include internal consistency procedures like split-half technique and external consistency procedures like test-retest and parallel forms. The document also discusses how validity and reliability are judged in qualitative versus quantitative research.

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Praveen Kumar M
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75 views

Is The Research Investigation Providing Answers To The Research Questions For Which It Was Undertaken?

The document discusses concepts of validity and reliability in research. It defines validity as measuring what the research intends to measure using appropriate methods. There are several types of validity discussed: face validity, content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity. Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of research tools. Methods for determining reliability include internal consistency procedures like split-half technique and external consistency procedures like test-retest and parallel forms. The document also discusses how validity and reliability are judged in qualitative versus quantitative research.

Uploaded by

Praveen Kumar M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

The concept of validity

Is the research If so, is it providing


investigation these answers using
appropriate methods
providing answers and procedures?
to the research
questions for
which it was
undertaken?
1
The concept of validity
• Are we measuring what we think we are measuring?
• Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure
what it is designed to measure.
• Key questions;
– Who decides whether an instrument is measuring what it is
supposed to measure?
– How can it be established that an instrument is
measuring what
it supposed to measure?

2
Types of validity in quantitative research

Face and
content
validity Concurren
t and
Construct predictive
validity validity
3
Face and content validity
• The judgement that an instrument is measuring what it is
supposed to.
– primarily based upon the logical link between questions and
objectives of the study.
• Advantage: easy to apply
• Face validity – establishment of logical link between
questions and objectives of study
• Content validity – assessment if items and questions
covers the full range of the issue being measured.
– Judge which statements or questions represent the issue
they
are supposed to measure
4
Face and content validity (cont.)
• Problems;
– Judgement is based upon subjective logic
– The extent to which question reflect the objectives of a study
may differ.

5
Concurrent and predictive validity

• Predictive validity – judged by how well an instrument


can forecast an outcome.
• Concurrent validity – judged by how well an instrument
compares with a second assessment concurrently
done.

6
Construct validity
• Construct validity – determined by ascertaining the
contribution of each construct to the total variance
observed in a phenomenon.
• Based upon statistical procedure.
• The greater the variance attributable to the construct,
the higher the validity of the instrument.

7
The concept of reliability
• Reliability is if a research tool is consistent and
stable hence predictable and accurate.
• The greater the degree of consistency and stability in a
research instrument, the greater the reliability.
• A scale or test is reliable to the extent that repeat
measurements made by it under constant conditions will
give the same result.
• Reliability is the degree of accuracy or precision in the
measurements made by a research instrument.
– The lower the degree of ‘error’ in an instrument, the higher the
reliability.
8
Reliability vs. Validity

9
Factors affecting reliability
The wording of questions

The physical setting

The respondent’s or
interviewer mode

The regression
effect

The nature of
interaction

10
Methods of determining the reliability
• Internal consistency procedures – items or questions
measuring the same phenomenon, should produce
similar results irrespective of their number in an
instrument
– The split-half technique
• External consistency procedures – compare findings
from two independent process of data collection with
each other as a means of verifying the reliability of the
measure
– Test/retest
– Parallel form of the same test

11
Split-half technique
• To correlate half of the items with the other half in a
research instruments
• Questions are divided in half in such way that any two
questions intended to measure the same aspect fall into
different halves.
• The scores obtained by administering the two halves are
correlated.
• Reliability is calculated using product moment correlation
between scores

12
Test/ retest (repeatability test)
• An instrument is administered once, and then again,
under the same or similar conditions.
• The ratio between test and retest score is an indication
of the reliability of the instrument
– The greater the value of the ratio, the higher the reliability of the
instrument
• Advantage - it permits the instrument to be
compared with itself.
• Disadvantage – a respondent may recall the
responses
that they gave in the first round
– Overcome by increasing the time span between two tests
13
Parallel forms of the same test
• Two instrument intended to measure the same
population is constructed and administered to two similar
population.
• The results obtained from one test is compared with
another
– If similar, the instrument is reliable.
• Advantage – does not suffer from the problem of recall
and time lapse between two test is not required.
• Disadvantage – need to construct two instrument instead
of one.

14
Validity & reliability in qualitative
research
Traditional criteria for judging Alternative criteria for judging
quantitative research qualitative research
Internal validity Credibility
External validity Transferability
Reliability Dependability
Objectivity Confirmability

15
Validity & reliability in qualitative
research
• Credibility
• Transferability
• Dependability
• Confirmability

16

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