Scribd
Upload
39 views42 pages

Work and Simple Machines

This document provides information about simple machines and work. It defines work as the exertion of a force to move an object a distance in the same direction. Six simple machines are described: the inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley. Examples of each machine are given. The mechanical advantage of each machine is also explained as how it increases either the amount of force or distance of movement. Complex machines are defined as combinations of simple machines. The human body and Rube Goldberg machines are given as examples of complex machines.

Uploaded by

pbd123auto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views42 pages

Work and Simple Machines

This document provides information about simple machines and work. It defines work as the exertion of a force to move an object a distance in the same direction. Six simple machines are described: the inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley. Examples of each machine are given. The mechanical advantage of each machine is also explained as how it increases either the amount of force or distance of movement. Complex machines are defined as combinations of simple machines. The human body and Rube Goldberg machines are given as examples of complex machines.

Uploaded by

pbd123auto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Work and Simple

Machines

1
What is work?
 What do you think of when you hear
the word WORK?
 The scientific definition of work is:
exerting a force to move an object a
distance
 boththe force and the motion of the
object are in the same direction

2
 Work is done on an object when the
object moves in the same direction in
which the force is exerted.
Work or Not?
 According to the
scientific definition,
Which of the following
is work?
 a teacher lecturing to
her class
 a mouse pushing a piece
of cheese with its nose
across the floor

4
Work or Not?
a mouse pushing a piece of
cheese with its nose across the
floor

5
6
What’s work?
A scientist delivers a speech to an
audience of his peers.
 A body builder lifts 350 pounds above
his head.
 A mother carries her baby from room
to room.
 A father pushes a baby in a carriage.
A woman carries a 20 kg grocery bag
to her car?
7
What’s work?
A scientist delivers a speech to an
audience of his peers. No
 A body builder lifts 350 pounds above
his head. Yes
 A mother carries her baby from room
to room. No
 A father pushes a baby in a carriage. Yes
A woman carries a 20 km grocery bag
to her car? No
8
Formula for work
Work = Force x Distance

 The unit of force is newtons


 The unit of distance is meters
 The unit of work is newton-meters
 One newton-meter is equal to one joule
 So, the unit of work is a joule

9
Machines
Simple Machines
A machine is a device that helps
make work easier to perform by
accomplishing one or more of the
following functions:
 changing the direction of a force
 increasing the amount of a force
 increasing the distance the force is
applied

11
Mechanical Advantage
 Machines have both an input force and an
output force
 Inputforce: the force you apply to the machine
 Output force: force the machine applies to an
object
 When a machine takes a small input force
and increases the amount of the output
force, a mechanical advantage has been
produced.

12
Input and Output Work
 Theamount of input
work done by the
gardener equals the
amount of output
work done by the
shovel.
Mechanical Advantage
 Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output
force divided by input force.
 If the output force is bigger than the input force,
a machine has a mechanical advantage greater
than one.
 A machine that increases distance instead
of force has a smaller input force & a
greater output force
 Machines can not increase both the size and
the distance of a force at the same time.

14
A machine makes
work easier by
changing at least
one of three factors.
 change the amount
of force you exert
 Changing the
distance over which
you exert your force
 or changing the
direction in which
you exert your force.
The 6 Simple Machines
Inclined Plane Screw Wedge

Pulley Wheel and Axle


Lever
Inclined Plane
 Aninclined plane is a flat, sloped
surface.
Inclined Planes
Inclined Plane -
Mechanical Advantage
 The mechanical
advantage of an inclined
plane is equal to the
length of the slope
divided by the height of
the inclined plane.
 While the inclined plane
produces a mechanical
advantage, it does so by
increasing the distance
through which the force
must move.
Wedge
A wedge is a device that is thick at one
end and tapers to a thin edge at the
other end.
Wedges
Wedge – Mechanical Advantage
 The mechanical advantage of a wedge can be found
by dividing the length of either slope (S) by the
thickness (T) of the big end.
S
T

 As an example, assume that the length of the slope


is 10 inches and the thickness is 4 inches. The
mechanical advantage is equal to 10/4 or 2 1/2. As
with the inclined plane, the mechanical advantage
gained by using a wedge requires a corresponding
increase in distance.
Screws
A screw can be thought of as an inclined
plane wrapped around a cylinder.
Screw

The mechanical advantage of an screw can be


calculated by dividing the circumference by the pitch of
the screw.
Pitch equals 1/ number of turns per inch.
Levers
A lever is a ridged bar that is free to
pivot, or rotate, on a fixed point.
Levers
 Levers are classified according to the
location of the fulcrum relative to the
input and output forces.
First Class Lever
 In a first-class lever the fulcrum is
located at some point between the
effort and resistance forces.
 Common examples of first-class levers
include crowbars, scissors, pliers, tin
snips and seesaws.
 A first-class lever always changes the
direction of force (I.e. a downward effort
force on the lever results in an upward
movement of the resistance force).
First Class Lever
Second Class Lever
 With a second-class lever, the load is located
between the fulcrum and the effort force.
 Common examples of second-class levers
include nut crackers, wheel barrows, doors,
and bottle openers.
 A second-class lever does not change the
direction of force. When the fulcrum is
located closer to the load than to the effort
force, an increase in force (mechanical
advantage) results.
Second Class Lever
Third Class Lever
 Witha third-class lever, the effort
force is applied between the fulcrum
and the resistance force.
 Examples of third-class levers include
tweezers, hammers, and shovels.
 A third-class lever does not change the
direction of force; third-class levers
always produce a gain in speed and
distance and a corresponding decrease in
force.
Third Class Lever
Wheel and Axle
A wheel and axle is a simple machine
made of two circular or cylindrical
objects fastened together that rotate
about a common axis.
Wheel and Axle
 You can find the ideal mechanical
advantage of a wheel and axle by
dividing the radius of the wheel by the
radius of the axle.
Wheel and Axel
 The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is the
ratio of the radius of the wheel to the radius of the axle.

1 5

 In the wheel and axle illustrated above, the radius of the


wheel is five times larger than the radius of the axle.
Therefore, the mechanical advantage is 5:1 or 5.
 The wheel and axle can also increase speed by
applying the input force to the axle rather than a wheel.
This increase is computed like mechanical advantage.
This combination would increase the speed 5 times.
Pulley
A pulley is a simple machine made of a
grooved wheel with a rope or cable
wrapped around it.
Pulleys
 Fixed Pulley: changes the direction of a force;
however, it does not create a mechanical
advantage.

 Movable Pulley: rises and falls with the load


that is being moved. A single moveable pulley
creates a mechanical advantage; however, it
does not change the direction of a force.

 Block & Tackle Pulley: a system of two or


more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded
between them, usually used to lift or pull heavy
loads.
Simple Machines in the Body
 Mostof the machines in your body are
levers that consist of bones and
muscles.
Compound Machines
A compound machine is a machine that
utilizes two or more simple machines.
Rube Goldberg Machines
 Rube Goldberg machines are
examples of complex machines.
 All complex machines are made
up of combinations of simple
machines.
 Rube Goldberg machines are
usually a complicated combination
of simple machines.
 By studying the components of
Rube Goldberg machines, we
learn more about simple machines
Safety Device for Walking on Icy Pavements

When you slip on ice, your foot kicks paddle (A),


lowering finger (B), snapping turtle (C) extends neck
to bite finger, opening ice tongs (D) and dropping pillow (E),
thus allowing you to fall on something soft.

You might also like