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INTEGRAL CALCULUS Lec

This document discusses integration by substitution. It provides examples of evaluating integrals using substitution. Specifically: 1) Integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration z, where x and z are connected by a formula. Both x and dx must be replaced in terms of z. 2) Examples show evaluating integrals by letting new variables represent quantities "causing trouble" and preventing direct integration. 3) Five examples evaluate integrals using substitution, finding antiderivatives and solutions in terms of the original variable.

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Nad DeYn
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67 views

INTEGRAL CALCULUS Lec

This document discusses integration by substitution. It provides examples of evaluating integrals using substitution. Specifically: 1) Integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration z, where x and z are connected by a formula. Both x and dx must be replaced in terms of z. 2) Examples show evaluating integrals by letting new variables represent quantities "causing trouble" and preventing direct integration. 3) Five examples evaluate integrals using substitution, finding antiderivatives and solutions in terms of the original variable.

Uploaded by

Nad DeYn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Change of Variable of Integration

Many integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration, say z, in


place of the original variable x, the two variable being connected by some suitable formula.
The change of variable is usually brought about by means of and explicit substitution

X = φ(z), dx = φ’(z) dz

This process, called integration by substitution, is highly important. It is to be


remembered that not merely x, but dx as well, must be replaced by the proper expression in
terms of the new variable.
The substitution to be made must be determined by inspection of the integrand. No general
rules can be given; skill in the choice of substitutions comes only with practice. There is, however,
one rather crude rule of thumb which succeeds often enough to make it worth consideration.
Determine, if possible, what quantity seems to be causing the trouble (keeping you from performing
the integration by simple devices) and then introduce a new variable, for that quantity. In many
cases, several different substitutions may be found, any one of which will succeed.

Example(a). Evaluate ∫
√ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥

 Put = z. Then x = z2 and dx = 2x dx. Hence


 ∫ = 2 ∫

 = 2 ∫ ( 1 - ) dx

= 2x – 2 Arctan z + C

 = 2 - a Arctan + C
 Example (b). Evaluate ∫

 = ∫ ∫

 Let y =

y2 = 4x - 3  x =

2ydy = 4 dx

 = ∫ ∙ + ∫

 = ∫ (y2 + 3)dy +

 = ( ) + ( 3y) + C

 = ( 4x – 3 ) + 5 + C
 = + C

 = + C

 ∫ = ½

 Example (c). Evaluate ∫

 = 2 ∫ - 3 ∫

Let u = 2x + 1
du = 2 dx
dx = ½ du

 = ∫ - 3 ∫

 = ∫ u-1/2 du - u-3/2 du
= 2u1/2 + 3u-1/2 + C

Thus

 ∫ = 2 + 3+ C

 Example (d). Evaluate ∫ v3 dv

Let
 x = ½
x2 = a2 − v2 ; v2 = a2 − x2
2x dx = − 2v dv
 dv = −

 = −
Thus,

 ∫ v3 = ∫3/2

 = − ∫ x2

 = − ∫

 = − + + C

Therefore,

 ∫ v3 = − 3/2
+ 5/2
+C
 Example (e). Evaluate ∫ dz

Let,
 x =
x2 = z
2xdx = dz

Thus,
 ∫ dz = ∫ 2xdx
Let,
 u =

u2 = 1 + x; x = u2 -1

2udu = dx
Therefore,

 ∫ ½ dz = ∫ 2xdx

 = ∫ u 2

 = 4 ∫ u2

 = 4 ∫
 = 4 + C
Since,
 u = ½

 ∫ ½ dz = 5/2 − 3/2 + C

Since,
 x =

 ∫ dz = /2 − 3/2 + C
PROBLEM SET

Evaluate the following integrals. Write your answer on a short bond paper.

 1. ∫

 2. ∫

 3. ∫ −5/2 dθ

 4. ∫

 5. ∫

Prepared by:

EDSEL R. ILARDE

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