Lecture 1

Introduction to
Petroleum Technology
Miri #1 Drilling Rig

Seismic Boat

Oil Refinery Transportation

AMK-ORSB
NOTES ON THE LECTURE:
This introductory course covers hydrocarbon as sources of energy. Topics
include: introduction to petroleum industry. Local, regional, national and global
energy requirements are discussed. The course includes: an overview of
petroleum technology including geological, geophysical and geochemical
prospecting, drilling mechanisms, formation evaluation, reservoir engineering,
production engineering, processing, transportation, refining and petrochemicals.
The course contains utilization of products, Highlights of local Petroleum
industry, and the Job scope for Petroleum Industry.

Overview
This 1-day course is designed to familiarize non-technical personnel in the
petroleum and related government, financial, legal, and service industries with
the basics of the upstream (exploration and production) petroleum industry via
slides, and computer illustrations. The course will provide an overview of most
aspects of the petroleum industry, including exploration, drilling, reserves,
production, and economics.
 Lecture 1

Course Outline

• Petroleum: a definition
• History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia
• Geology
• Exploration Techniques
• Prospect Evaluation
• Drilling
• Field Evaluation
• Production
• Refining
• Materials and Products
• Energy Usage

AMK-ORSB
 What is Petroleum
pe·tro·le·um (pə-trō'lē-əm)   n. 

A thick, flammable, clear-yellow to black mixture of gaseous, liquid,

and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's
surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas,
gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax,
and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of
derivative products. Latin petra, rock; see petrous + Latin ōleum,
oil;

Definition includes: Crude oil, natural gas and Asphalt (Tar).

Crude oil samples Natural gas blow-out Oil seepages

AMK-ORSB
History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia
Miri#1 1910
• First Oil well Miri # 1in 1910, at Canada Hill
after exploratory drilling over four months.
Use the cable toll drilling technique adopted
from drilling water wells. The well dubbed the
“Grand Old Lady”, this oil well remained in
production until 1972. Total production
amounted to about 98 Million Barrels for Miri
Field. Duyung gas platforms

• Peninsular Malaysia first discovery was at

Sotong field offshore Terengganu in 1976.
Subsequent field we discovered such as Seligi
(the largest 800 MMSTB), Tapis, Guntong and
Tinggi. Large Gas field were also discovered Kikeh PFSO
such as Duyung, Sepat and Angsi.

• Recent discovery is in deep-water offshore

Sabah by Murphy (Kikeh field; about 400-600
MMSTB)
History of Oil Industry

• Modern petroleum industry started in the 1860’s in

Pennsylvania and West Virginia, USA
• Main product was kerosene for lighting (before that
people use whale oil)
• Gasoline was useless until the invention of the
internal combustion engine.

Terminology: Oil & Natural Gas = Hydrocarbons

• Petroleum
• Crude Oil
• Natural Gas
• Molecules of carbon and hydrogen atoms
• Usually in chains or rings of carbon atoms
• Crude oil is a mix hydrocarbon
 What are Hydrocarbons?
 Hydrocarbons are compounds containing
carbon & hydrogen elements bonded
together by bonds.

H H H H H
H-C-H H-C-C-C-C-H Cyclo Hexane
H H H H H C66H12
12

methane n-Butane
Benzene
CH44 C44H10
10
C66H66
 Crude Oil Compositions
Crude oil can be fractionated into 3 simple
components:
 Aliphatics – saturates and unsaturates
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH2 = CH - CH = CH2

Cyclo Hexane
 Aromatics C6H1
2

Benzene C14H10
C6H6
Anthracene

 NSO compounds (asphaltene,

resins)
OH Napthol S
C10H7OH Benzothiophene
Petroleum Geology
• Rock types
• Oil and gas origin
• Oil and gas migration and
accumulation
• Traps
• Exploration methods.
ROCKS TYPES

IGNEOUS ROCKS
ƒ formed from molten magma at the surface or
subsurface of the earth.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ƒ formed at the surface of the earth, either by
accumulation and later cementation of
fragments of rocks, minerals and organism,
or as percipitates and organic growths from
sea water and other solutions.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
ƒ formed from the transformation of other
rocks, while in the solid state, by heat,
pressure and chemically active fluids to
which they were subjected.
 Igneous Rocks

• Geologists recognize three major rock groups, each of which has a

characteristic mode of formation. Each major rock group can be
subdivided based on composition and texture.
• Igneous rocks form by cooling and crystallization of molten material.
Slow cooling within Earth Faster cooling at Earth’s
produces intrusive igneous rock surface yields extrusive igneous
such as granite. rocks such as basalt.

basalt
granite
 Sedimentary Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks form by:

1) consolidation of rock
fragments,
2) precipitation of minerals
from solution
3) compaction of plant or
limestone
animal remains

• Sedimentary rocks are very

useful for interpreting Earth
history

conglomerate
 Metamorphic Rocks
gneiss • Metamorphic rocks form beneath Earth’s
surface when other rocks are
transformed by heat, pressure, and/or
chemically active fluids.

• Foliated metamorphic rocks, gneiss for

example, contain layers or bands formed
by the parallel alignment of minerals due
to pressure.

• Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, such as

quartzite quartzite, lack pressure-induced layering
and commonly form due to heat.
 Source Rocks
• Rich in Organic Matter
• 7 – 10% of the total Weight (TOC)
• Enough thickness
• Example:
• Black shale
• Lacustrine Shale
Shale • Coals

Organic matter also known

as ‘Kerogen’

Coal
 The Rock Cycle - Interrelationships
• The rock cycle illustrates the relationships between Earth’s internal and
external processes and relates the formation of the major rock groups to
external (weathering, transportation, deposition) and internal
processes (melting,
metamorphism).
 The Rock Cycle - A Plate Tectonic Perspective
• Plate movement drives the rock cycle and is responsible for the
recycling of rocks from one major group to another.
• For example, heat and pressure generated along convergent
boundaries may lead to melting of and metamorphism of rocks in the
descending ocean plate and thereby lead to formation of new
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Petroleum Geology
• Oil and gas origin

 Inorganic VS Organic?
 Debated for many years
 Now most scientist agree on ORGANIC origin
 Oil forms from the decay and Transformation of
dead organisms buried in sedimentary rocks

The study involved known as GEOCHEMISTRY

Geochemistry - Source Type (Organic Origin)

Dissolved Organic Materials

Riverine Input Particulate Organic Materials
Nutrients
Primary
production
(Autotrophs)
Death
Nutrients
Bacteria & Heterotrophs (CO2, NO3, PO4)

Dissolved
Particulate Organic materials Organic
materials
Flakes

Sedimentation
Resuspension
H2S Digenesis

Kerogen
SOURCE ROCKS
T, Pressure

SEDIMENTS

T, Pressure
GAS

Adapted from Riboulleau (2000)

Discovering and
Producing Petroleum
Interpreting the Unseen

• Trap
• Source
• Charge (Migration)

• Tools
- Gravity
- Magnetics
- Seismic
- Wells (Drilling)
Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Accumulation
Prerequisite: Source, Reservoir & Seal
Process: Maturation, Migration & Implacement (Trap)

Fault

Seals

Hydrocarbon accumulation

Migration
Seals

Migration

Carrier beds Immature SRx

Source Rocks
Expulsion
Top of Maturity

Mature SRx in
'Kitchen Area'

What are the techniques to find this accumulation?

 Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Maturation

Hydrocarbon maturity Max: paleo-temp Hydrocarbon

(°C) product
0

immature Biogenic
1 methane

60
2
initial maturity 80

3 (zone of oil Oil

Depth (km) generation) 115

4 130
Condensate/Wet
gas
mature & post 165
5 mature (high 180 High temp.
temp. methane) methane (Dry
gas)
6
Heavy Hydrocarbon Light Hydrocarbon Methane
Petroleum System Elements
• Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone
organic matter
• Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:
- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates
- Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil
and gas moves
• Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move
effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
• Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas
moves from source rock to a trap
• Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that
focuses oil and gas into an accumulation
 • Tools
EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES: - Gravity
- Magnetics
EXPLORATION METHODS
- Seismic
- Wells (Drilling)

DIRECT (Surface) GEOLOGICAL GEOPHYSICAL GEOCHEMICAL

Seepages Aerial Gravimetric Surface

photographs

Outcrops Surface Magnetic

Mapping

Subsurface Seismic
Mapping

Remote Electrical
Sensing
Hydrocarbon Trap Types

Anticline

Fault Salt Dome

Pinchout

Unconformity

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Seismic Image of Anticline - example

1000
Milliseconds

2000

3000
1
km
Seismic Image of Anticline - interpretation

1000
Milliseconds

2000

3000
1
km

Structure can be identified from seismic data

Seismic Image of the field – 3D example

source Hydrophones -
streamers

Salt Dome
Faults

Faults
Electromagnetics – Sea Bed Logging

SBL is a marine electromagnetic method that has the ability to map the subsurface resistivity
remotely from the seafloor. SBL uses a mobile horizontal electric dipole (HED) source
transmitting a low frequency electromagnetic signal and an array of seafloor electric field
receivers. In theory a hydrocarbon filled reservoir will typically have high resistivity compared
with shale and a water filled reservoirs. SBL therefore has the unique potential of
distinguishing between a hydrocarbon filled and a water filled reservoir and integrated with
3D seismic data can be a powerful tool in identifying HC prospects.
 Exploration and
Industry Geoscience Careers: Production

•• Geophysics
Geophysics • Structural Geology
–– Provides
Provides anan image
image of of the
the – Provides an understanding of the
subsurface
subsurface andand data
data useful
useful process of deformation of the
for
for predicting
predicting rock
rock type
type and
and subsurface due to external forces.
the
the occurrence
occurrence of of petroleum.
petroleum.
• Stratigraphy
•• Regional
Regional Geology
Geology – Provides an understanding of
–– Provides
Provides anan understanding
understanding processes creating sedimentary
of
of which
which areas
areas are
are units.
productive,
productive, why
why they
they are
are
productive,
productive, and
and where
where else
else • Geochemistry
we
we should
should look.
look. – Chemistry of petroleum and its
•• Basin sources to characterize the type,
Basin Modeling
Modeling
history and origin of petroleum.
–– Quantitative
Quantitative integrated
integrated
models
models of
of the
the petroleum
petroleum • Reservoir Characterization
system:
system: source,
source, reservoir,
reservoir, – Describes the flow characteristics
seal,
seal, hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon charge.
charge. and attributes of subsurface
reservoirs for enhanced exploitation.
Prospect Evaluation
In the area where all elements of hydrocarbon
system are present:
•Source Rock
•Reservoir Rock
•Seal Rock/Cap Rock
•Sufficient Charge
•Traps
How effective the Petroleum system of the area?
Need to quantify how much you got and translate
to $$$ for further evaluation
Prospect Evaluation – Mapping

Cultural map
'
400 3X
2-1X0 A13
A X

Isometric view of 4AX C

structural B
2/4
2/7

1/6
1/9

configuration of
the Ekofisk Field
(North Sea)

'
400
-10
'
00
-96

Contour map
FEET

METRES
-9,000

0'
-10,000 -960 -2,800
0'
00
-10 -3,000
-11,000
0
-10400' 3D View -3,200
MIL
ES
5 S 15
RE
ET
I LOM
K 10
10
5 Bark & Thomas, 1980, AAPG

0
Prospect Evaluation – Volume calculation
Calculations must also include UNCERTAINTY in the Data
Prospect Evaluation – Volume calculation & Uncertainty

• 1 ITERATION
Minimum
Se
Ne O al Most Likely
il
t Tr Sa Eff
t ic
ap Po ura ien Maximum
Vo r tio cy
lu osi n
m ty
e

V o ov e
Re Oi l

lu
m
c
Ga atio Fac

e G act
Fo lum

s/
Vo
rm e

ry

as
F

Ca
Ra

p
n tor

tio

or
Ph
Ac

as
Tr

ce

e
an

ss
Co ce A

sfo
nv
So

rm
er
ur

tib

at
io
ili

n
ty
re
a
Hydrocarbon Reserves: Terminology

Abbreviation Unit Definition

STOIIP Barrel =MMSTB Stock Tank Oil Initially in-place

GIIP scf = Tcf/Bcf Gas Initially in-place

OOIP Barrel =MMSTB Oil Originally in-place (at Reservoir)

Proved reserves (1P) = Conservative

Proved + Probable reserves (2P) = Realistic
Proved + Probable + Possible reserves (3P) = Optimistic

P50 reserves = 2P reserves

Expectation curve - Resource Classification

120 150 190

100
P(x)=85% Low
A
Cumulative probability %

50 B P(x)=50% Medium or Most Likely

C P(x)=15% High
0 X
0 100 200 300 400
STOIIP (MMstb)
A = Proven
B = Proven + Probable
C = Proven + Probable + Possible
EV = Proven + 2/3Probable + 1/3Possible

EV = Expected value
Petronas - Resource Classification '2005'
PRODUCTION

COMMERCIAL
DISCOVERED PETROLEUM INITIALLY IN-PLACE
On Production

HIGHER RISK ----> PROJECT MATURITY ----> LOWER RISK

TOTAL PETROLEUM INITIALLY IN-PLACE

RESERVES
PROVED
Under
PROVED + Development
+ PROBABLE
PROVED
PROBABLE + Planned for
POSSIBLE Development

CONTINGENT RESOURCES (CR) Development Pending

SUB-COMMERCIAL

Development on-hold
LOW ESTIMATE BEST ESTIMATE HIGH ESTIMATE
(1C) (2C) (3C) Development Not
Viable

UNRECOVERABLE

PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES (PR) Prospect

UNDISCOVERED

INITIALLY IN-
PETROLEUM

Lead
LOW ESTIMATE BEST ESTIMATE HIGH ESTIMATE
PLACE

(1U) (2U) (3U) Play

UNRECOVERABLE

RANGE OF UNCERTAINTY STATUS

Source: PETRONAS Definition and guideline for classification of Petroleum Resources 2005 Revision
 Drilling
• To prove that there is actual
hydrocarbon present in the
rocks!.

• Wildcat well: first well drilled for

the prospect

• Appraisal well: the wells drilled to

appraise the prospect (How much
hydrocarbon there is)

• Dry well: The well that did not

have any hydrocarbon present
(Water wet, tight, shale out etcs)

• Shows: Some traces of

hydrocarbon present but not
enough to do further tests
Onshore Drilling Rig

Drilling equipment,
tools and systems
Field Evaluation – Formation evaluation
Mud Logging – Wellsite geologist / Mudlogger
Monitor and report the progress of the well while drilling:
-Gas
-ROP
-Lithology
-Oil stains
-Bit, Casing, mud weight, deviation surveys

Provides ‘mud log’ report at the end of the drilling program

Field Evaluation - Wireline Logging

Logging unit
Drilling Rig

Output: Well Logs Well Bore

Sedimentary
layers

Sonde
Field Evaluation -The Well Log

• Wells are drilled to “test” our geological model

(besides to find oil/gas, of course).
• Drilling gives direct access to subsurface geology,
via samples (rocks an fluids), and wireline logs
– Many types of logs – indirect determination of
rock and fluid type.
Field Evaluation (Well Logs): Type of Logs
 GR (Gamma Ray)
 Resistivity Log (ILD or MSFL)
 SP (Spontaneous Potential)
 Sonic
 Density Log
 Neutron Porosity
 Borehole Image
 Dipmeter Log + etcs.

Petrophysical Well Logs

Field Evaluation -Subsurface Sampling

• Core
• Sidewall core
• Drill Cutting

To get Geological and

Petrophysical information
about the rocks:

 Age
 Depositional Environment
 Source Rocks Chemistry
 Porosity
 Minerals
 Cements
 Permeability
 Lithology

Core Bits
Subsurface Sampling – Coring Process
 Subsurface Sampling
• Core
To determine:
• Porosity
• Horizontal permeability
• Grain density
• Grain size
• Mineralogy
• Petrography
• Fossils Cores un-slabbed
• Sedimentary structures

Special core Analysis

• Vertical permeability
• Relative permeability
• Capillary pressure
• Cementation Slabbed cores
• Saturation Core Plug
 MDT Tool
Field Evaluation (Drilling) – Well test
Types:
DST - Drill-stem test
MDT - Modular Formation Dynamics Tester
RFT - Repeat Formation Tester

To determine:
• Reservoir pressure
• Permeability
• Skin
• Productivity

Data will have an impact

on the producible
volumes of Hydrocarbon
for the field

DST Test in Action

Production : Well Head (Christmas Tree)

Christmas Tree:

An assembly of valves, spools and fittings for

an oil well, named for its resemblance to a
decorated tree, are used on both subsea
(current technical limits are up to around
2000 to 2500 metres) and surface wellheads
and both are available in a wide range of
sizes and configurations, such as low- or Surface well head
high-pressure capacity and single- or
multiple-completion capacity or horizontal or
vertical in their primary valve bore axis.

Subsea well head

Production: Offshore Platform
Oil platforms are an industrial town at
sea, carrying the personnel and
equipment needed for continuous
hydrocarbon production.

Functions:
•Drilling
•Preparing water or gas for injection
into the reservoir
•Processing the oil and gas before
sending it ashore
•Cleaning the produced water for
disposal into the sea.

Power is generated on the platform to

drive production equipment and
support life. All production systems
are constantly monitored for leaks,
since oil and gas are hazardous and
extremely flammable.
Production: Offshore Platform North Sea

Qatar Gas

Integrated Production Platform complexes

Production: Offshore loading facilities
SBM Tower

SBM Tower

SBM Buoy
Production: Transportation of Hydrocarbon
Refining
An oil refinery is an industrial process
plant where crude oil is processed and
refined into more useful petroleum
products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel,
asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and
liquefied petroleum gas.

Oil refineries are typically large sprawling

industrial complexes with extensive
piping running throughout, carrying
streams of fluids between large chemical
processing units.

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The

fractionating column is cooler at the top than at the bottom because
the fractions at the top have lower boiling points than the fractions at
the bottom. The heavier fractions that emerge from the bottom of the
fractionating column are often broken up (cracked) to make more
useful products. All of the fractions are subsequently routed to other
refining units for further processing.
Refining

CDU – Crude Distillation Unit

Refinery CDU during construction

Malaysia Refining Capacity:

Melaka Refinery (Petronas) 126K b/d
Melaka Refinery (Petronas&ConocoPhillips) 93K b/d
Kerteh (Petronas) 40K b/d
Port Dickson (Shell) 155K b/d
Port Dickson (ExxonMobil) 86K b/d
 Simple Diagram of Refinery Processes
Sulphur
Gas treatment Recovery Sulphur
Crude Oil H 2S H 2S

Shorter Chain Molecules

Desulphurisation Platformer Petrol

Kerosene
Gas Oil

Diesel
Vacuum Gas Oil

Long Residue
High Vacuum
Distillation

Hyrdrocracker
Separation

Long Chain Molecules Hydrogen

Waxy Distillate Manufacturing
Hydrogen Unit
Butane
Bitumen De-asphalting
De-asphalted oil DAO

Roads Asphalt Fuel oil

Refinery Processes
To get high value products and
profitability. The refinery employed
several process to increase the amount
of high value product:

Typical processes includes:

Hydrocracking
Plat-forming (Platinum reforming)
Hydrogen recovery
Sulfur recovery
GTL (gas to liquid)

We can see some of these units within

the refinery complexes built as a
separate petrochemical plants that get
their raw feedstock from the main
refinery.
Refinery Processes
Detail Flow Diagram of a
typical modern refinery
 Examples of Modern
Hydrocracker
Refinery Processes

FCC

CDU

Cat Reforming

Vacuum distillation unit

Materials and Products (Fuels)
Petroleum refineries produce a variety of
components that are then used to blend refined Gasoline components
products. Product blending is a critical source of
flexibility and profitability for refining operations. Of
great interest is the economic blending of gasoline.

Gasoline is not a single product. Refiners blend

hundreds of different specifications. In addition to
the different grades of gasoline we all see at the
retail pump, gasoline is subject to different
specifications based on country, geographic
location, season, humidity, altitude, and
environmental regulations. This further complicates
distribution systems with additional requirements
for low sulfur, conventional, reformulated and
oxygenated "boutique" blends.
•MON – motor octane Number
Key to good gasoline performance is octane, vapor •RON – research octane number
pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure - RVP) and
distillation range of the blend. A table of octane,
RVP and specific gravity blending values for some
typical gasoline blending components is given:
Materials and Products
Products from Petroleum:

Fuel
Raw material for Plastics
Man made fibers
Synthetic rubbers
Lubricants
Organic Chemicals
Fertilizer feedstock's
Bitumen

Petroleum Industry byproducts:

Sulfur
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Helium
Mercury
CO2
Oil & Gas Exploration/Production: (HSE) issues
All production systems are
constantly monitored for leaks, since
oil and gas are hazardous and
extremely flammable. Accidents can
happen and could result in Millions
in costs and environmental damage.

USA
CHINA

ALGERIA

GOM

IRAQ

INDIA
Hydrocarbon Production

Hydrocarbon Producing countries

Hydrocarbon Usage

Hydrocarbon Importing countries

World Fuel Consumption: 1970-1994
Oil
Natural Gas
8,00 Nuclear Energy
0 Hydroelectricity
7,00
Coal
Million tonnes oil equivalent

0
6,00
0
5,00
0
4,00
0
3,00
0
2,00
0
1,00
0
0
1970

1978

1994
1972

1974

1976

1988

1990

1992
1980

1982

1984

1986

Year Cook and Sheath, 1997

Crude Oil Prices: 2006-2007
 Projected World Energy Supplies
US Energy Information Administration forecast World Oil
Consumption is at about 87.45m barrels a day (in 2007)
amounted to about 32 Billion barrels per year. Careers in
Oil & Gas Hydroelectric

New Technologies
1993 Remain Important
100
100 BILLION
BARRELS Solar, Wind
Geothermal
80
Billion World Energy Demand
Barrels Nuclear Electric
of Oil Coal
60

Natural
40 Gas

Fossil Fuels
Decreasing
Crude Oil
20

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 3000
Year after Edwards, AAPG 8/97
Proved Oil Reserves (by area - end 1998)
The world’s proved oil reserves continue to be dominated by
the Middle East which holds 64% of the total.

Former
Europe Soviet Union
North America 65.4
20.7
85.1
Middle East
673.7
Africa
S. & Cent. Asia Pacific
America 75.4
43.1
Billion barrels 89.5
Hydrocarbon Reserves
 Proved Oil Reserves (Middle East – Selected fields)
IRAQ RUMAILA:10 Bbbl
AZADEGAN
NAHR UMR AGHA
PARSI
RUMAILA JARI
DOHQUAIN
ZUBAIR
RAMSHIR
RAG-E-SAFIQ AZADEGAN:24
CHILUNGAR
Bbbl
SUBA
TUBA
GACHSARAN
RACHI SAFWAN HENDIJAN
BAHRGANSAR KILUR KARIM
SULABEDAR GACHSARAN: 50 Bbbl
RAUDHATAIN
SABRIYA
BINAK RUDAK-MILATUN
NOWRUZ GULKHARI
BAHRAH

KHASHMAN
KUWAIT ABOUZAR NARGESI
SADAT ABAD 1
DOROOD SARVESTAN
MINAGISH DORRA SOROOSH
BURGAN BUSHGAN
UMM
GUDAIR HOUT BURGAN:
LULU 55 Bbbl DALAN
RIMTHAN WAFRA KUH-E-KAKI
ZULUF
RUWARIS
KHAFJI MARJAN
MAHARAH
KUH-I-MAND
AGHAR IRAN
DIBDIBAH
SADAWI 1 JAUF SAFANIYA LAWHAH
SUBAN
MANIFA
SAFANIYAH: 19 BbblNAR
HABARI SHARAR KARAN NORTH KANGAN
KURAYN PARS VARAVI
WARI'AH JYRAYBIAT
ABU
JANA ASSALUYEH
WATBAN HADRIYA KHURSANIYAH SARKHUN
BAKR SURU
BERRI
EL HABA SOUTH
JALADI SATER
PARS
FADHILI ABU SA'FAH
QATIF QESHIM GAVARZIN
AL RAYYAN AL-SHAEEN HENJAM
DAMMAM
JARAM ABQAIQ
BAHRAIN BALAL North Dome/South
ABQAIQ: 17 Bbbl AWALI
NORTH
AL-KHALIJ
BUKHA
SALEH
FIELD
Pars: 900+FARZAM
TcfFATEH MUBAREK
SALIM
MAYDAN
GHAWAR MAHZAM BUL HANINE NOSRAT
KHURAIS FALAH
DUKHAN UMM HAMIDIYAH
NASR RASHID
SHAIF MANDOUS MOVEYEID SAJAA
AL KARKARA UMMA DHOLOU KAHAIF
QATAR 1
BUNDUQ
1
UAE MARGHAM

SAUDI GHAWAR: 70 Bbbl

ARABIA
OMAN
Ghawar Field (Super Giant)
• Largest Oil field in the world
• Discovered 1948
• Onstream since 1951
• Water Injection since 1965
• Produces about 5 Mil bbl/D*
*(6.5% of world daily production)

115 Bbbl with RF 60%

Area Size: 174 x 16 Miles

Shaybah field (KSA)

• Last giant field in KSA
• Discovered in 1967
• On-stream 1998 with EOR
20 Bbbl • Produces about 0.5 Mil bbl/D
Proved and Speculative Hydrocarbon (by country)
Proved oil reserves Proved gas reserves

B illio n B b l (in c c o n d e n s a te ) Tc f
0 200 40 0 600 800 100 0 120 0 14 0 0 16 00 180 0
0 50 100 150 2 00 250 300
Russia 16 8 0
Saudi Arabia 259
Iran 8 12
Canada 180
Qatar 509
Iraq 113
Saudi Arabia 224
Kuwait 94 UAE 2 12
UAE 92 USA 18 3
Iran 90 Algeria 160
Venezuela 78 Venezuela 14 8

Russia 60 Nigeria 12 4

Libya 30 Iraq 110

Nigeria 24 Indonesia 93
Australia 90
USA 22
Malaysia 89
China 18
Norway 77
Qatar 15
Turkmenistan 71
Algeria 9
Uzbekistan 66
Oman 6 Kazakhtan 65
Angola 5 Canada 60
Indonesia 5 Egypt 59

Speculative oil resource Speculative gas resource

Tc f
B illio n B b l
0 200 400 600 800 10 0 0 12 0 0 14 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ru s s ia 116 9
Saudi Arabia 136
S a u d i Ara b ia 681
Russia 115
USA 84 US A 527
Iran 67 Ira n 3 15
Brazil 55 Tu rkme n is ta n 208
Iraq 51 Bra zil 19 4
Greenland 51 No rwa y 183
Nigeria 43 Nig e ria 12 3
Kazakhtan 25 Ira q 12 0
Venezuela 24
Au s tra lia 10 9
Mexico 23
In d o n e s ia 10 8
Norway 23
Ch in a 86
Angola 17
Gre e n la n d 81
China 17
Ka za kh ta n 72
Surinam 15
Aze rba ija n 68
Turkmenista 14
Ma la ys ia 50
Australia 11
Indonesia 10 Me xic o 49

UAE 10 Alg e ria 49

Algeria 10 UAE 45

source: EIA, 2001

Historical data & Future Forecasts:
possible ‘peak-oil’
GLOBAL OIL PRODUCTION FORECAST: 1950 to 2050

Global cumulative discovery/yr

60000

55000

50000
DISCOVERIES
45000
Millions of bbls of oil per year

40000

35000
PRODUCTION
30000
OFFSHORE
25000

20000

15000

10000
ONSHORE
5000

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
© Energyfiles Ltd
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will find alternative energy sources…..

Public Transport in 2050?

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