C++ Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Chapter 5: Control Structures II

(Repetition)
 Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Learn about repetition (looping) control
structures
• Explore how to construct and use count-
controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-
controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition
structures
• Examine break and continue
statements
• Discover how to form and use nested
control structures
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 2
 Objectives (cont'd.)
• Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding
patches
• Learn how to debug loops

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 Why Is Repetition Needed?
• Repetition allows you to efficiently use
variables
• Can input, add, and average multiple
numbers using a limited number of variables
• For example, to add five numbers:
– Declare a variable for each number, input the
numbers and add the variables together
– Create a loop that reads a number into a variable
and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of
the numbers

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 while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• The general form of the while statement is:

while is a reserved word

• Statement can be simple or compound
• Expression acts as a decision maker and is
usually a logical expression
• Statement is called the body of the loop
• The parentheses are part of the syntax

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 while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (cont'd.)

• Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly

– Avoided by including statements in loop body that
assure exit condition is eventually false

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 while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (cont'd.)

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 Designing while Loops

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 Case 1: Counter-Controlled while
Loops
• If you know exactly how many pieces of data
need to be read,
– while loop becomes a counter-controlled loop

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 Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while
Loops
• Sentinel variable is tested in the condition
• Loop ends when sentinel is encountered

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 Case 3: Flag-Controlled while
Loops
• A flag-controlled while loop uses a bool
variable to control the loop
• The flag-controlled while loop takes the
form:

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 for Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• The general form of the for statement is:

• The initial statement, loop

condition, and update statement
are called for loop control statements
– initial statement usually initializes a
variable (called the for loop control, or for
indexed, variable)
• In C++, for is a reserved word
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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure
(cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 30

 for Looping (Repetition) Structure
(cont'd.)

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure
(cont'd.)
• C++ allows you to use fractional values for
loop control variables of the double type
– Results may differ
• The following is a semantic error:

• The following is a legal for loop:

for (;;)
cout << "Hello" << endl;

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 for Looping (Repetition) Structure
(cont'd.)

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 do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• General form of a do...while:

• The statement executes first, and then

the expression is evaluated
• To avoid an infinite loop, body must
contain a statement that makes the
expression false
• The statement can be simple or
compound
• Loop always iterates at least once
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 do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (cont'd.)

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 do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (cont'd.)

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 do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (cont'd.)

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 Example 5-20: Divisibility Test by
3 and 9

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 Choosing the Right Looping
Structure
• All three loops have their place in C++
– If you know or can determine in advance the
number of repetitions needed, the for loop is
the correct choice
– If you do not know and cannot determine in
advance the number of repetitions needed,
and it could be zero, use a while loop
– If you do not know and cannot determine in
advance the number of repetitions needed,
and it is at least one, use a do...while loop

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break and continue Statements
• break and continue alter the flow of
control
• break statement is used for two purposes:
– To exit early from a loop
• Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables
– To skip the remainder of the switch structure
• After the break statement executes, the
program continues with the first statement
after the structure
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 break and continue Statements
(cont'd.)
• continue is used in while, for, and
do…while structures
• When executed in a loop
– It skips remaining statements and
proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

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 Nested Control Structures

• To create the following pattern:

*
**
***
****
*****
• We can use the following code:
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
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 Nested Control Structures
(cont'd.)
• What is the result if we replace the first
for statement with the following?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--)

• Answer:
*****
****
***
**
*

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 Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding
Patches
• Software patch
– Piece of code written on top of an existing
piece of code
– Intended to fix a bug in the original code
• Some programmers address the symptom
of the problem by adding a software patch
• Should instead resolve underlying issue

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 Debugging Loops
• Loops are harder to debug than sequence
and selection structures
• Use loop invariant
– Set of statements that remains true each time
the loop body is executed
• Most common error associated with loops
is off-by-one

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ITERATIVE PROGRAM STRUCTURE
1.) Create a flowchart/pseudocode that will generate
this character series: Z, Y, X, W, V, A, C, E, G,
I
2.) Create a flowchart/pseudocode that will input
two numbers base (X) and exponent (Y). Compute
and output the result using the formula XY.
3.) Create a flowchart/pseudocode that will input a
positive number and output its factorial value.
4.) Create a flowchart/pseudocode that will input ten
characters and output how many of the characters
entered were alphabetic (A-Z), numeric (0-9), and
special character.
5.) Create a flowchart and a pseudocode that display
the numbers below:
2, 4, 4, 16, 6, 36, 8, 64, 10, 100
 Summary
• C++ has three looping (repetition)
structures:
– while, for, and do…while
• while, for, and do are reserved words
• while and for loops are called pretest
loops
• do...while loop is called a posttest loop
• while and for may not execute at all,
but do...while always executes at least
once
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 47
 Summary (cont'd.)

• while: expression is the decision maker,

and the statement is the body of the loop
• A while loop can be:
– Counter-controlled
– Sentinel-controlled
– EOF-controlled
• In the Windows console environment, the
end-of-file marker is entered using Ctrl+z

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 Summary (cont'd.)
• for loop: simplifies the writing of a
counter-controlled while loop
– Putting a semicolon at the end of the for
loop is a semantic error
• Executing a break statement in the body
of a loop immediately terminates the loop
• Executing a continue statement in the
body of a loop skips to the next iteration

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