Utilization of Electrical Power

(M2H621476)
Illumination
Class-1
 Topics of Discussion
Light – Basic Concepts
• Light – as part of Electro magnetic
Spectrum
• Region of Visible light
• Colour Sensation of human eye
Terms & Definitions
• Luminous Flux/ Radiant flux or power
• Concept of Solid Angle - steradian
• Luminous Intensity
• Illuminance/ Illumination
• Luminous Efficacy – lumens / watt
Laws of Illumination
• Inverse Square Law
• Lamberts Cosine Law
• Numerical Examples
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Utilization of Electric Power - Illumination 1
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 Light - Introduction

• An essential life requirement

at - homes, offices, shops, industries and factories, streets,
yards, stadiums ….
• Natural Light - Artificial Light ( by electricity.. Why?)
• Nature of Light – What is light?
• A form of radiant energy visible to the human eye

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 Light - Part of Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Light is Part of Electromagnetic spectrum
• Electromagnetic waves exist with an enormous range of
frequencies
• This continuous range of frequencies is known as the
electromagnetic spectrum
• Visible light region - the very narrow band of wavelengths
located to the right of the infrared region and to the left of
the ultraviolet region

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 Light - Colour
Colour a Sensation due to difference in the wavelengths
• our eyes are sensitive to only a very narrow band.
• Referred to as the visible light spectrum
• A type of electromagnetic wave that stimulates the retina
of eyes
• a small spectrum from the enormous range of
frequencies
of electromagnetic radiation
• consists of a spectrum of wavelengths that range
700 nanometers (nm) to 400 nm (approximately)
• Colours ROYGBIV.

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 White and Black
• Sensitivity of the eye to different wavelengths varies from
person to person according to age
• Sensation of white is the result of a mixture of two or more
colors of light
• Thus, visible light - the mix of ROYGBIV - is sometimes
referred to as white light
• White is the combination of all the colors of the visible light
spectrum.

• Black is merely the absence of the wavelengths of the

visible
light spectrum
• So when you are in a room with no lights and everything
around you appears black
• No wavelengths of visible light striking your eye as you sight at
the Together
surroundings.
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 Related Terms & Definitions
• Light & Illumination : Light produced by sun is reflected by
the moon and illuminates the earth
• Light is the cause and illumination is the effect (brightness)
produced by the light on the body or surface on which
light falls

• Light: Radiant energy from a body which produces a

visual sensation
• The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
(IESNA) defines light as “radiant energy that is capable of
exciting the retina and producing a visual sensation.”

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 Related Terms & Definitions
Luminous Flux/ Radiant flux or power:
• Total quantity of light energy emitted per second from a
luminous source
• Denoted as F, is the flow rate of radiant energy
• It is measured in measured in lumens
• Used to specify the output / efficiency of a light source/
lamp
• A point source emits light
uniformly in all directions
• If F is the total Flux, then
luminous flux in each spatial /
solid angle = F/4π
(Spatial / Solid Angle around a
sphere is 4π steradian)

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 Steradia
n in steradians, is equal to its surface
Solid angle (Ѡ) of a section,
area (A) divided by the square of the sphere’s radius (r2).

For example, a section of

one-steradian from a
sphere of 1- meter radius 1 steradian is the solid angle
will have a surface area of subtended at the centre of a sphere
one square meter of radius r meter by a surface area
equal to r2.”
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 Related Terms & Definitions
Luminous Intensity: (defined in a direction) as Luminous flux
emitted by the source per unit solid angle in the particular
direction
• Measured in Lumens per steradian ( Or Candela – cd)
• If a source radiates F lumens in Ѡ steradians in a particular
direction, then I (in that direction is) = F/Ѡ
• Also denoted by Candle Power CP= lm/ Ѡ

• A 1 cd isotropic point source will emit 1

lm of light flux per 1 steradian
• A spherical surface of 1 m2, at 1 m from
the source will contain a flux of 1 lm
• Total spatial angle of sphere = 4π ;
luminous flux emitted by the point
source = 4πx1 = 4π lumens.
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 Related Terms & Definitions
• Illuminance/ Illumination (E)
amount of luminous flux per unit
area, or visible flux density. E = F/A
lux (or lm/m2)
• Unit: lux (lm/m2) or foot-
candles (lm/ft2)
• A 1 cd source, will produce an
lillumination of 1 lux on a spherical
surface of 1m radius
• Since the area of sphere is 4πr²
then the luminous flux emitted by
the point light source will be 4π
lumens.
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 Luminous Intensity & Illumination

• A one candle power (1- Candela / 1-cd) light source emits

1 lm/sr in all directions (isotropically)
• Therefore, a 1-candela (1 lm/sr) light source produces 1
lumen per square foot at a distance of 1 foot, and 1 lumen
per square meter at a distance of 1 meter
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 Review

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 Sources of Light
• Natural Source - Sun
• Artificial Light – Lamps (Electric / non electric)
• Electric Light is produced by one of two methods …
• Incandescence is the emission of light from "hot" matter (T ≳
800 K). Eg. Ordinary Bulb
• Luminescence is the emission of light when excited electrons
fall to lower energy levels (in matter that may or may not be
"hot"). Eg. Fluorescent Tube; CFL etc.

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 Electric Lamps
• How much light (lumens) can a lamp produce (emit)?
• Depends on type of lamp & its power rating (watt-capacity)
• Capability to convert electric power into visible light – lamp’s
Efficacy

Luminous Efficacy: Lumens produced per watt (sometimes

referred to as Lamp Efficiency)
Eg: If a 100W incandescent lamp produces a total of 1700 lumens,
then
Efficacy of the lamp = 1700/100 = 17 lm/w

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 Electric Lighting -Design
• Which type of lamp to use?
• What rating is required?
• At what height and spacing to install the lamps?

Lighting Scheme -Design

To Study lighting Calculations:

• Know some basic
laws of light
• Types and behaviour
of various lamps

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 Laws of Illumination
• Inverse Square Law: How the illumination E produce by a
point light source of intensity I at a point away is related to its
distance r m from the source?

Activity1:
Write the statement of the law
(Refer the text book)
Activity 2:
Derive the Inverse Square Law of light
E = I/r2

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 Laws of Illumination- Examples
Eg. 1: The total flux emitted by a lamp in all directions is 1,000
lumens. Calculate its MSCP & MHSCP with & without a
reflector
• MSCP: Mean Spherical Candle Power: Mean of candle powers
of the lamp in all directions (in all planes) around a spherical
surface enclosing the source
• MHSCP: Mean Hemi Spherical Candle Power: Mean of candle
powers of the lamp in all directions on one side of a plane
passing through the source (around a hemi spherical surface
enclosing the source

• MHCP = 1000/4π = 80
• MSHCP = 1000/2π = 160, with a full
reflector
• MSHCP = 500/2π = 80, without
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reflector
 Laws of Illumination- Examples
Eg. 2: A 250V, lamp has a total flux of 1500 lumens and takes a
current of 0.4A. Calculate (i) Lamp efficacy and (ii) MSCP (iii)
MSCP per watt

• Efficacy = 1500/100 = 150 lm/w

• MSHP = 1500/4π = 120 lm/str
• MSCP/watt = 120/100 = 1.2

Eg. 3: A lamp of 500 watts has a MSCP of 1250. Calculate the

lamp efficiency.
Lamp efficacy = Total Flux emitted by the Lamp/Wattage
Total flux = MSCP x 4π
Lamp efficacy = 1250 x 4π /500 = 31.42
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 Laws of Illumination
• Lamberts Cosine Law: To find illumination due to light rays
falling on an inclined plane OR due to light rays falling with an
inclination by an angle ϴ
• Gives the relation between illumination E Light intensity I the
distance r and the angle of inclination
Activity 3:
Write the statement of Lambert’s Cosine Law
(Refer the text book)

M r h

N ϴ
A P B

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 Laws of Illumination
• To find illumination due to a light source mounted at height
h, at any point on the ground away from the vertical point
• By the Lambert’s Cosine Law
E = I Cosϴ/r2
Cosϴ = h/rOR r = h/ Cos ϴ ϴ

E = I Cosϴ/(h/Cos ϴ)2
r h
E = I Cos3ϴ/h2
OR
E = CP
A B
Cos3ϴ/h2

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 Lamberts Cosine Law
light rays falling with
an inclination by an
angle ϴ to the normal

P
l
a
n
e

N Plane whose Normal is at

o angle ϴ to light rays
r
m
a
l
t
o
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l
 Laws of Illumination- Examples
Eg. 4 (7.4): A filament lamp of 200 watts is suspended at a
height of 5 meters above a working plane and gives uniform
illumination over an area of 4 meter diameter. Assume
efficiency of reflector as 50%. Determine the illumination on
the working plane. Lamp’s watt to CP ratio is 0.89 watts/CP.
• CP of the lamp = Wattage /watt/cp
= 200/0.89

= 224.72 lm/str
• Total lumens emitted by the lamp = CPx4π
= 224.72x4π =2823.9
•AreaLumens
A of thereaching workingthe planework= πplane,(42/4)F = 50% of total lumens
Illumination = F/A = 1411.95/ F = 2823.9
4 π x 0.5 = 1411.95
= 112.36 [or lm/m2]
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 Laws of Illumination- Examples
Eg. 5 (7.7): A lamp of 500 watts having a MSCP
of 1250 is suspended 2.7 meters above a working
plane. Calculate
i. Illumination on the working plane directly below the lamp
ii. Lamp efficiency
iii. Illumination 3 m away on a horizontal plane
from the vertical point below the lamp

i. Illumination on the working plane directly below the lamp

= 171.47 lux
ii. Lamp efficiency = 31.42 lm/watts
i. Illumination 3 m away on a horizontal plane
from the vertical point below the lamp = 51.33 lux
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 Tutorial Problems
Eg. 6 (7.8): The illumination at a point on a working table
directly below the lamp is to be 100 lm/m2. The lamp gives
256 CP, uniformly below the horizontal plane. Determine the
height at which the lamp is to be mounted. Also find the
illumination at a point on the working table 1.2 meters away
from the vertical axis of the lamp

Eg. 7 (7.14): Two lamp posts are 16 m apart and are fitted with
100 CP lamps each at height 6 m above the ground. Calculate
the illumination on the ground (a) under each lamp and (b)
midway between the lamps

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Lamp-2 Lamp-1

Q P
ϴ2
ϴ1

A B
C

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Utilization of Electric Power - Illumination 1
 Additional Problems
Eg.8. A street lighting system consists of 9M light posts equally
space 35 meters apart. The illumination required on the
ground at the mid point between two poles is 13 luxes.
Estimate the rating of sodium vapour lamp to be used for this
system. Efficacy of sodium vapour lamp is 125 lumens /watt.
Standard rations available are 150W, 200W and 400 watts.

Eg.9. Two lamp posts each height 12m are 40 m apart and are
fitted with 250 watts Mercury lamps. Calculate the
illumination on the ground (a) under each lamp and (b)
midway between the lamps. Assume efficacy of the lamp
uses as 105 lumens / watt

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 Summary

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